Yak farming is essential for ensuring profitability across all types of cattle farms. To raise yaks more efficiently, maintain herd stability, and maximize economic returns, it's crucial to implement scientific feeding and management practices.
**1. Care for Newborn Calves**
**1.1 Clearing Mucous**
Immediately after birth, remove mucus from the nostrils and mouth of the calf. Wipe the body clean or allow the mother to lick the calf, but ensure the delivery area is clean. In some cases, bran may be sprinkled on the calf’s body to encourage feeding. However, calves raised artificially typically do not rely on the mother for feeding.
**1.2 Handling the Umbilical Cord**
The umbilical cord usually detaches naturally. If manually cut, it should be severed 10–12 cm from the abdomen. Squeeze out any mucus and disinfect with iodine. The cord will fall off naturally within a week.
**1.3 Feeding Colostrum**
Newborn calves must receive colostrum promptly and in sufficient quantity. The first feeding should occur within one hour of birth, with at least 1 kg given three times a day. The total amount should be 10–16% of the calf’s body weight. On the fourth day, transition to whole milk or a milk replacer. After colostrum, regular milk intake should be about 1/10 of the calf’s body weight. If the mother dies, use split nursing or prepare artificial colostrum.
**2. Yak Rearing**
**2.1 Calf Nursing**
Calves are typically nursed by their mothers. Once they have consumed colostrum, they are moved to a calf house and begin receiving whole milk or an artificial formula. There are three main methods: 1) direct nursing, which continues until 4–7 months; 2) whole milk feeding, with about 1/10 of the calf’s body weight provided daily, often up to 600 kg of milk over 3–4 months; 3) skim milk feeding, which requires additional fat and vitamins to compensate for its lower nutritional value.
**2.2 Early Weaning**
Weaning typically begins at 4–5 weeks. The goal is to conserve milk and improve cow reproduction rates. Before weaning, ensure the calf is healthy and gradually introduce solid feed. By 4–7 days old, the calf should consume 0.75 kg of feed per day. Maintain strict feeding and hygiene standards during this period.
**2.3 Breeding Programs**
Different countries have varying protocols. For example, in the UK, calves receive colostrum for the first seven days, then switch to regular milk. In the US, 1.8–2.7 kg of colostrum is fed daily for three days, followed by whole milk or a replacer. In China, feeding schedules vary based on age and milk availability, with specific formulas used to support growth and development.
**2.4 Feed for Early Weaning**
Milk replacers are made from dairy by-products and contain at least 20% milk protein. Soy protein can increase this to 22–24%. Fat content should be around 10–20%, as higher fat improves energy intake and reduces diarrhea. Crude fiber must be less than 0.5% to avoid digestive issues.
**2.5 Yak Material**
Yak material is a specially formulated feed for young calves, designed to be highly palatable and nutritious. It contains 16% or more protein, less than 7% crude fiber, and includes minerals and vitamins. It comes in powder or granular form and is introduced at one week of age.
**2.6 Using Whole Milk, Replacer, and Yak Material**
After colostrum, whole milk or a replacer is used. The replacer is mixed in warm water (1:7 ratio) and gradually replaces whole milk as the calf grows. Water should always be available. Yak material is introduced at one week and increased gradually until the calf can fully replace milk nutrition.
**3. Yak Management**
**3.1 Individual Health Care**
Ensure calves receive colostrum immediately after birth. If insufficient, administer vitamin A, D, and E injections. Prevent diarrhea by monitoring milk quality and calf health. Brush the yaks daily to maintain cleanliness.
**3.2 Other Management Practices**
Weigh calves before their first colostrum feeding and tag them using the thorn method. At 7–10 days old, treat the base of the horns with caustic potash or sodium to reduce horn growth. Provide clean, fresh water based on temperature and feed intake. Regular monitoring ensures optimal growth and well-being.
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