Prevention of Common Diseases of Pigeons

**I. Pigeon Paramyxovirus Disease (Type I)** Pigeon paramyxovirus type I is a viral disease that affects pigeons and is closely related to Newcastle disease in chickens. It is commonly referred to as "pigeon Newcastle disease" and poses a significant threat to the pigeon breeding industry. The virus can infect pigeons of all ages, but young birds are particularly vulnerable. Symptoms typically include diarrhea, neurological signs, and sudden death. During necropsy, subcutaneous hemorrhages in the neck, digestive tract, and brain are commonly observed. Prevention involves vaccination with an inactivated pigeon paramyxovirus vaccine or using large doses of chicken Newcastle disease IV strain seedlings for immunity. In the event of an outbreak, hyperimmune serum or egg yolk antibodies may be administered. Once the outbreak subsides, vaccination should be repeated 7–10 days after the initial infection to ensure long-term protection. **II. Pigeon Pox** Pigeon pox is caused by the pigeon pox virus and is often seasonal, linked to the presence of blood-sucking insects like mosquitoes. All age groups of pigeons are susceptible, though younger birds tend to show more severe symptoms. Clinical signs can be classified into three types: skin, mucous membrane, and mixed. Skin lesions appear on areas such as the eyelids, beak, and feet, forming characteristic crusts. Prevention relies heavily on early vaccination with a homologous pigeon pox vaccine, which provides effective protection against the disease. **III. Salmonella Infection in Pigeons** This disease is primarily caused by *Salmonella typhimurium* and mainly affects young and older pigeons. Symptoms resemble those of Newcastle disease, including neurological issues, diarrhea, and swollen joints. On post-mortem examination, the liver shows multiple foci of necrosis of varying sizes. To control this disease, it is crucial to perform drug sensitivity tests before administering antibiotics due to the prevalence of resistant strains. Proper management and hygiene also play a key role in reducing the spread of infection. **IV. Pasteurellosis in Pigeons** Pasteurellosis is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Pasteurella multocida*. It is often endemic and affects both young and old pigeons, leading to sudden death in acute cases or chronic symptoms like intermittent diarrhea and joint swelling. Necropsy reveals small, round gray necrotic areas in the liver and widespread internal bleeding. Antibiotics are generally effective, but relapses are common. Vaccination with attenuated bacterin offers protection for about 3–4 months. **V. Colibacillosis in Pigeons** This condition is caused by various pathogenic strains of *E. coli* and is influenced by environmental conditions, poor management, and other concurrent diseases. All age groups are at risk, with young pigeons often showing septicemia or enteritis. Lesions are typically not severe in the pericardium, liver, or air sacs. Improving sanitation, reducing stress, and maintaining good husbandry practices are essential in preventing this disease. **VI. Candidiasis in Pigeons** Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by *Candida albicans*, which is normally present in the pigeon’s digestive system. Outbreaks occur when pigeons’ immunity is weakened, due to vitamin deficiencies, prolonged antibiotic use, or unsanitary conditions. The most notable sign is the formation of a white, cheesy pseudomembrane in the mouth, esophagus, and crop. Treatment includes antifungal medications such as clotrimazole, nystatin, and copper sulfate. Mixing 0.1%–0.3% Kang Baowei into the health sand can help prevent the disease effectively. **VII. Trichomoniasis in Pigeons** Trichomoniasis is one of the most common and harmful protozoan diseases in pigeons. Adult pigeons often carry the parasite without showing symptoms, while young birds become infected through "pigeon milk" from their parents. The disease manifests in three forms: pharyngeal, visceral, and umbilical, with the pharyngeal type being the most common. Lesions appear as yellowish-white coatings on the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. Metronidazole is highly effective in controlling this disease, and regular deworming helps prevent its spread. **VIII. Tsutsugamushi Disease in Pigeons** Tsutsugamushi disease is a parasitic helminthic infection that commonly affects birds kept in crowded, ground-contact environments. Mild infections may show no symptoms, but severe cases lead to weight loss, poor feather growth, digestive issues, and even seizures. Birds may eventually die from organ failure. Maintaining clean living conditions, regularly removing droppings, and conducting routine deworming with drugs like quercitrin, levamisole hydrochloride, or albendazole are essential for prevention.

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