Four stages of beef fattening

Dividing fattening cattle into several stages for scientific rearing is a crucial technique for achieving rapid and efficient beef production. This approach ensures optimal growth, health, and feed conversion efficiency. Below is a detailed explanation of the process. 1. **Observation Period (10 to 15 days)** During this initial phase, newly purchased cattle need time to adjust to their new environment. First, they should be weighed, numbered, and grouped based on size and weight. A monthly weighing schedule should be maintained, with all data recorded for future reference. On the day of purchase, cattle should only have access to clean water mixed with salt (fresh water + salt) and no feed for the first 12–24 hours. Three to four days after arrival, administer insecticides either orally or via injection to prevent parasites. Five to six days post-purchase, inject a zearalenol-based weight-gain agent, but avoid this for calves under three months old. In the first week, avoid feeding concentrates; start introducing small amounts in the second week. If no cake is available, gradually increase the feed quantity, ensuring daily concentrate increases do not exceed 0.5 kg, eventually reaching up to 2 kg per day. Feed twice daily, with each session lasting one hour, followed by an 8-hour interval. Provide water twice a day, with one hour between feeding and drinking. 2. **Adaptation Period (10 to 20 days)** During this period, the amount of concentrate should be increased gradually. Start with 2 kg of cornmeal per head and add 3 kg over the course of a week. Include 0.25 kg of bean cake per head daily. The ratio of finely ground to coarse feed should be 40:60. The concentrate should be provided at a rate of 1 kg per 100 kg of body weight. Feeding and watering schedules remain consistent with the observation period. 3. **Pre-fattening Period (30 days)** After adjusting the feed quantities, gradually increase the amount of forage, cornmeal, and cakes. At this stage, increase the concentrate by 10% based on 1 kg of fine feed per 100 kg of body weight. The feed ratio should shift to 60:40 (fine to coarse). Each feeding session lasts two hours, similar to the adaptation period. 4. **Late Fattening Period (30–40 days)** In this final stage, reduce the roughage and increase the concentrate further. Add 15% more concentrate per 100 kg of body weight, reaching 1 kg of concentrate per 100 kg. The feed ratio becomes 70:30 (fine to coarse). Each feeding session lasts 2.5 hours, following the same routine as the pre-fattening period. This structured approach ensures that cattle grow efficiently while maintaining good health and minimizing stress. Proper management during each phase plays a key role in maximizing meat quality and production outcomes.

Adipic Acid

Adipic acid is mainly used in producing nylon fiber and engineering plastics, and polyurethane in quantity. Most of parts are used to produce PU, liquid for sole, polyurethane foam, etc. A small number of them are used for high quality lubricating oil.

High quality ester of adipic acid can be used as PVC and its copolymer, plasticizer of natural synthetic rubber. A large number of adipic acid ester is used to produce food packaging, thin film and PVC for insulation.

Adipic acid is also used for sour agent of food and drink. It is not easy to deliquesce, so it is used in dry food, and can be kept in a long time.

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