Navel orange seedlings require careful preparation before planting, including digging large holes or trenches and ensuring the soil is rich and well-drained. Once the seedlings are established, the focus shifts to implementing strategies that will help achieve high yields by the third year.
Fertilization plays a crucial role in this process. After the seedlings survive (usually within 15 days), it's recommended to apply a quick-release fertilizer every two weeks. This can be done using diluted manure or a 0.5% urea solution. Alternatively, urea can be applied directly under the tree after rainfall. However, from August onward, fertilization should be avoided to prevent late-season growth. In the second year, three top-dressings are advised: one in early spring (February), another in mid-May (summer), and a third in late July (autumn). Each application should include 0.2 to 0.4 kg of urea per plant. After the autumn shoots mature, a base fertilizer should be applied, consisting of 10–20 kg of organic matter, 2 kg of superphosphate, and 1 kg of compound fertilizer. By the third year, the focus shifts to increasing phosphorus, potassium, and organic inputs to support flowering. In early February, 0.4 kg of urea is applied, followed by foliar sprays every 20 days from April to August—mainly a mix of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% urea, 0.2% borax, and zinc sulfate. In early July, 2 pounds of compound fertilizer are added for fruit development. Autumn top-dressing continues with balanced nutrients, gradually transitioning to standard adult tree management practices.
Pruning is also essential during the early years. Young trees should be trained into a proper shape without unnecessary interference. Techniques like thinning, shortening, and shaping are used to encourage multiple shoots. In the first year, only excessive branches are removed. In the second year, the trunk is kept around 25 cm tall, with 3–4 evenly spaced main branches cultivated above. Two summer pruning sessions are performed: the first in mid-May, where the outermost spring shoots are cut back by one-third to promote strong summer growth, and the second in mid-July, where older shoots outside the canopy are lightly pruned. In mid-June, 6–8 leaves are removed from the summer shoots, continuing until mid-July. Drooping branches are left intact if possible. In the second year, flower buds should be removed promptly, while in the third year, only a few flowers are allowed to develop. Diseased or malformed flowers and branches should be cut away, and some protective measures should be taken to ensure healthy fruit development. The yield per plant is generally maintained at around 5–8 kg, with excess fruits removed to avoid overloading the tree.
Assisted management is also important. After planting, seedlings should be covered with rice straw to protect them from harsh conditions. In winter, before cold weather arrives, seedlings can be covered with plastic bags or wrapped with straw, and the trunk can be whitewashed. Intercropping legumes in the orchard or using an orchard method helps maintain soil fertility. Pest and disease control follows similar methods as those used for mature trees. By the third year, additional care must be taken to ensure successful fruiting and harvest.
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