Greenhouse vegetable farming is a key approach to boosting crop yields, and scientific fertilization plays a crucial role in achieving this goal. However, many farmers face challenges when applying fertilizers in greenhouses. To address these issues, the following effective fertilization techniques are recommended:
First, it's important to limit nitrogen and phosphorus while ensuring adequate potassium supply. Many greenhouse growers tend to overuse nitrogen-based fertilizers like urea and ammonium carbonate, which often exceeds the actual needs of the crops. This leads to excessive residual nitrogen in the soil, increasing nitrate levels in vegetables and reducing their quality. A balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can promote faster growth, stronger plants, and higher yields.
Most vegetable crops require more potassium than nitrogen—on average, for every 100 units of nitrogen absorbed, they take up between 105 and 250 units of potassium. Potassium improves plant resistance, enhances photosynthesis, and boosts the transport of nutrients within the plant. The recommended potassium fertilizer rate is between 150 kg and 250 kg per mu. It is especially beneficial for fruiting and root vegetables, and less so for leafy greens. When using potassium fertilizer, it should be applied as a base fertilizer, and if top-dressed, it should be done early. Proper placement and deep application are also essential for maximum effectiveness.
Second, foliar fertilization should not be overlooked. This method offers quick nutrient absorption, targeted delivery, and efficient use. Applying foliar sprays can help supplement potassium and trace elements that may be lacking in the soil. Vegetables often need more calcium, molybdenum, and copper, and foliar applications of these elements can improve overall nutrition, reduce disease incidence, and increase yield.
Third, organic fertilizer must be used with care. While it helps balance nutrients, improves soil structure, increases water retention, and boosts carbon dioxide levels in the soil, improper application can cause problems. For example, uncomposted manure can burn leaves, especially on cucumbers and tomatoes, and may also lead to environmental pollution and contamination of vegetables. Unprocessed organic fertilizers may contain harmful bacteria and parasite eggs, posing health risks, particularly for leafy vegetables. To ensure safety, decomposed and fermented manure should be used. This process takes about 1-2 months and effectively kills pathogens. Raw chicken manure, in particular, should never be used directly, as it can cause serious diseases in crops.
Fourth, biogas fertilizer is an excellent alternative. It is produced through microbial decomposition of human waste, animal manure, and plant residues in a biogas digester. This process eliminates harmful pathogens and parasites, making it safe for use. According to research conducted by the Institute of Soil and Water Conservation in Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, the use of biogas fertilizer significantly reduces diseases in cucumbers and tomatoes while improving yields. It is an ideal choice for producing clean, high-quality vegetables without pollution.
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