Vaccination is a powerful strategy to help animals develop specific immunity against infectious diseases, effectively transforming susceptible individuals into protected ones. Planned immunization remains one of the most critical tools in managing and preventing disease outbreaks in livestock and poultry. Depending on the transmission route, entry point, and practicality of each pathogen, various vaccination methods are used, including nasal drops, eye drops, oral administration, sprays, drinking water, and feed additives. Each vaccine may have one or more suitable administration methods, but in practice, farmers often choose based on ease of use, cost, and the growth stage of the animals. Improper techniques can lead to ineffective immunity, adverse reactions, or even infections. Therefore, selecting the right vaccine and method according to farm conditions is essential for achieving optimal immune responses. Drinking water immunization is widely used by farmers due to its convenience and efficiency. However, many producers still lack a full understanding of the correct procedures, which can result in poor vaccine performance and immune failure. To ensure the best results from drinking water vaccination, the following guidelines should be followed: Before administering the vaccine, thoroughly clean the water system and drinkers, avoiding the use of detergents or disinfectants. Three days before and after vaccination, add vitamin electrolytes like Vibo 100 to the water to reduce stress. Add 0.3% to 0.5% non-fat dry milk or a special vaccine protectant, such as Rippo’s “Zhengbo,” to the water before adding the vaccine, helping to neutralize harmful heavy metal ions. Use deep well water or boiled water for immunization. Avoid tap water that contains chlorine or other inactivating substances. If using tap water, boil it for 3–5 minutes and let it sit overnight before use. Ensure all chickens are thirsty by withholding water for 2–4 hours (shorter in summer, longer in winter). Morning is the best time for drinking water vaccination, as it minimizes environmental stress from heat and light. Provide enough waterers and place them strategically so every chicken has access. Encourage birds to drink by gently guiding them. If waterers are limited, vaccinate in batches to prevent the vaccine from losing potency. Avoid overloading the dose—usually 2–4 times the standard amount. The diluted vaccine should be consumed within 1.5 to 2 hours, depending on the age and size of the flock. The recommended water intake per chicken is approximately: 10–25 ml for 7–14 days old, 35–45 ml for 19–25 days old, and 50–60 ml for chickens over 50 days. Measure the actual consumption to determine the correct volume. When mixing the vaccine, avoid contamination and stir with a clean wooden stick or glass rod. Distribute the vaccine quickly, ensuring maximum bird access. For large flocks, consider partial vaccination: mix two-thirds of the vaccine with two-thirds of the water, let the birds drink, then mix the remaining one-third with the rest of the water. This helps maintain consistency and ensures better coverage. Avoid exposing the vaccine to sunlight, and do not add feed until at least one hour after vaccination. Two days before and three days after immunization, avoid spraying or disinfecting, and refrain from using antiviral or antibacterial drugs. Use non-metallic containers, such as plastic or enamel buckets, for the vaccine solution. Do not allow any other water to be available until the birds have finished the vaccine water. Following these steps carefully will greatly improve the success rate of drinking water vaccination and protect your flock effectively.

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In the Arbas region of 105° east longitude and 40° north latitude where the temperature fluctuation between day and night can reach 50 degrees in winter, there is an essential native goat breed, the purebred Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat, which features thin and soft hair, a pair of horns and pink ears. Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat looks small yet are the nobles of goats.
The famous Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat, as a rare breed living in the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, is concentrated in Otog Banner, Otog Front Banner and Hanggin Banner in the western part of the Plateau. Sumu, Arbas, Otog Banner is the primary production area of Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat for its favorable natural environment, with Arbas Mountain in the west, vast natural pasture in the center and desert steppe in the south. The semi-arid steppe climate provides excellent conditions for animal husbandry.
Due to its location in the desert steppe, the area is dry and windy with little rainfall and much sand. The temperature difference between day and night is extremely high, and the annual average temperature is 6.4 °C. In the long, cold and dry winter, the lowest temperature reaches -30°C to -40°C late at night, while in the short, hot and arid summer, the highest temperature is 36.4°C and the lowest -32°C, with annual precipitation between 200mm to 400mm. The adorable, lovely and lively Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat grows in such extremely harsh conditions, thus can produce rare and quality cashmere.
Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat`s two coats are pure white. The top layer or outer coat is bright and coarse guard hair to protect the undercoat that is softer and finer down. The quality of the cashmere fleece is determined by three indicators: the diameter, length, and density of cashmere fibers. Due to its unique genes, Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat has a superiority that can never be duplicated. Its secondary hair follicle is smaller than those of other goats, and its cashmere has an average diameter between 13μm to 15 μm. It can even produce cashmere with a perfect diameter of 14.5μm, with a pure cashmere content of over 55%, which is unique worldwide. The preciousness of cashmere results from the small amount of production of each goat. Therefore, Inner Mongolian Arbas Baby Cashmere Goat was officially named by the People`s Government of Autonomous Region in 1988 and was listed on the National Register for the Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources as Class-1 protected breed by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2001.

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