Fruit tree cultivation in China is largely conducted in open fields, making it highly susceptible to environmental fluctuations. Winter conditions, such as prolonged low temperatures or sudden temperature changes, often lead to frost damage, which negatively impacts fruit yield and stability. To ensure the survival and productivity of fruit trees during cold seasons, effective protective measures must be implemented.
Frost damage can manifest in several ways. First, tender twigs are vulnerable due to their underdeveloped protective tissues, making them prone to freezing and death. Second, branch freezing may occur even though branches are more resilient than twigs. In some cases, shoots may appear normal but show delayed growth, thin or deformed leaves, and internal browning or black heart formation, indicating freeze injury. Third, bark damage on branches can result in darkened, dead tissue, and in severe cases, entire branches may die. Fourth, root and stem freezing can cause dry roots to darken and die, leading to overall plant death. Fifth, underground root damage is hard to detect but significantly affects above-ground growth, causing late budding, irregular flowering, or leaf shrinkage. Finally, early flower bud activation followed by a sudden frost can result in damaged or dead buds, reducing pollination and fruit set.
To prevent frost damage, several strategies can be applied. One approach is soil mounding around the tree base with a 20–25 cm layer of dry, fine soil to protect the roots. The soil should not be taken from the tree’s root zone to avoid exposing roots to cold. Once spring temperatures rise above 10°C, the soil should be gradually removed. Another method involves trunk protection using a white coating made from lime, water, sulfur, salt, and oil, or by wrapping the trunk with straw. For young or weak trees, covering the canopy with straw or plastic film can provide insulation. For loquat trees, branches can be bundled and pressed to the ground, then covered with soil. Pruning weak, dead, or late-growing branches helps improve nutrient accumulation and winter hardiness.
During snowfall, snow should be removed from branches to prevent breakage, and no tools like bamboo sticks should be used to beat the snow, as this can harm the tree. Snow around the tree should also be cleared. In heavy snow conditions, smoke piles can be lit in orchards to generate warmth and reduce frost risk. Spraying plant growth regulators like 802 can enhance metabolism, promote rooting, increase sugar content, and improve cold resistance. After a frost event, applying decomposed organic fertilizer in early spring and pruning dead or damaged parts can help the tree recover quickly and regain its vitality.
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