In recent months, farmers in Baoding and Langfang have reported a number of issues affecting sow productivity, including a high number of litters, low utilization rates, and poor management practices. These factors have led to miscarriages in pregnant sows and the death of piglets, ultimately reducing breeding efficiency. To address these challenges, we have written this article to guide farmers on how to improve their management strategies and achieve better results in terms of both litter size and sow health.
First, improving feeding management is essential. During the dry period, mid-pregnancy, and late lactation, sows should be fed more roughage and supplemented with green feed. In early, late, and mid-pregnancy stages, it's important to provide adequate protein, minerals, and vitamins through concentrates and fresh, succulent feeds. Maintaining a stable and comfortable environment for sows is also crucial—minimizing external stressors such as overcrowding, loud noises, and aggressive behavior can significantly improve their well-being and reproductive success.
Second, choosing the right breeding season is key. It is recommended to breed sows between April and May, and again between September and October. This timing allows sows to give birth during milder seasons, avoiding the harsh conditions of winter and summer, which can negatively impact both the sow and the piglets.
Third, timely breeding plays a vital role in increasing conception rates. The principle "early with early, small with late, not old with small" should be followed. Breeding should occur 19–30 hours after the sow shows signs of estrus, when the vulva starts to fade and a thread-like mucus appears. Sows should be bred at around 7–8 months of age and when they weigh over 100 kg. Using a double mating method—breeding twice with a 12-hour interval—can greatly enhance fertility and litter size.
Fourth, protecting the fetus is critical. Sows are especially vulnerable to miscarriage between 9–13 days post-mating and 21 days before farrowing. Providing nutrient-rich feeds that are high in protein, minerals, and vitamins can help support fetal development. Avoid feeding spoiled or frozen feed, and prevent mechanical irritation such as fighting, slipping, or sudden scares. Detailed records should be kept to avoid inbreeding, and all infectious diseases—including encephalitis B, influenza, and brucellosis—must be monitored and treated promptly. If a sow experiences an abortion, administering 15–25 mg of progesterone and sedatives can help stabilize the pregnancy.
Fifth, proper care during farrowing is essential. Five to ten days before delivery, the farrowing area should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with a 10%–20% lime water solution. The sow’s udder and vulva should be washed with 2%–5% Lysol before birth. After birth, the piglet’s nasal mucus should be removed, and the fetal membrane should be carefully removed. For weak or unresponsive piglets, gently tapping the chest, lifting the hind legs, and applying alcohol can stimulate breathing. Assisting difficult births with proper midwifery ensures smoother deliveries. Newborn piglets require special attention to temperature, with the farrowing area maintained at 26–32°C immediately after birth, and gradually lowered to 26–28°C by weaning.
Finally, early weaning of piglets is beneficial. Ensuring adequate iron intake, maintaining proper warmth, and managing stress are crucial during this stage. Piglets should be weaned between 22–40 days of age. After weaning, sows should be given stimulants for 2–5 days to encourage estrus. Once the sow comes into heat, breeding during the lactation period can increase the number of litters per year.
By implementing these practices, farmers can significantly improve sow productivity, reduce losses, and achieve higher profitability in their swine operations. Liu Wanzhen, Danjiangkou City, Hubei Province.
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