Eggplant originated in India, Burma and the nearby tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Ancient India was the earliest domestication place. It was introduced to China from the 4th to 5th centuries. It is a year.
Herbs, tropical perennial shrubs, anciently known as buttermilk, Kunlun melon and so on. Eggplant is distributed throughout the world, with Asia being the largest, accounting for world production
74%. Eggplant has a long history of cultivation in our country. It is extremely common in all parts of the country, and its varieties and types are very rich. In the past 20 years, the heterosis of eggplant in China
With the development of research, local colleges and research institutes around the world have cultivated a large number of excellent hybrid generations.
Promote the development of eggplant production. At the same time, in order to ensure and improve seed quality and yield, various regions have researched the eggplant breeding techniques and obtained
Good results. This article briefly introduces the current status of the promotion and application of new varieties of eggplant in China and the related knowledge of improved breeding for reference by industry insiders.
1 Variety profile
1.1 Variety Types Eggplant cultivation and consumption in China are regionally strong, and the variety types are quite abundant. Divided from fruit shape, long, linear, long tube, long oval
, oval, tall round, spherical, oblate, short-barreled, short horned, and long horn-shaped; as many as 11; from the fruit color points, and white,
White green, green, orange, purple, purple, purple and black purple and other 8 kinds; from the color of the pulp, mainly white, yellow white, green white and green, etc. 4
Species. In recent years, eggplant production bases in Shandong, Henan, Gansu and other places have also started planting green husked eggplant, which has a beautiful appearance, high yield, and storage and transportation.
According to the maturity, it can be divided into very early-maturing, early-maturing, medium-maturing, late-maturing and very late-maturing types.
1.2 Major cultivars There are a variety of main cultivars for eggplant in China. In addition to a large number of excellent local cultivars, there are also a series of hybrid cultivars (lines) that are in production.
To a wide range of applications. There are 220 eggplant germplasm resources listed in the “Chinese Vegetable Varietiesâ€, of which there are still many varieties used in production, especially the vast majority of
In the rural areas, such as inked eggplant, bamboo silk, eggplant, fastball, big clam, second clam, Xi'an green eggplant, Luoyang green eggplant, oil pot eggplant, black and bright, March eggplant, Anyang red and so on. according to
Incomplete statistics showed that more than 50 eggplant varieties passed the provincial-level review (recognition) from 1995 to 2006, such as Xiangqia No. 1, Qiamaojiao No. 1 and Zirong No. 2, Qiugao
No.1, Yuanqie No.1, Eqia No.1, Xinqian No.3, Rongzaoqian No.1, Mengge No.3, Fengyan No.2, Liaoqian No.1, Jijing No.2, and Azalea No.1 , é»”
Eggplant 3, Erange 2 and so on.
1 The round fruit-shaped eggplant area mainly includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, central Inner Mongolia, Henan, northern Shandong, and most of Shanxi. Purple fruit shape
There are mainly green and round fruit-shaped varieties, and there are also a small number of purple long fruit-shaped varieties. The main cultivars include Jingjing 2ã€Jingqie 3ã€Yuanza 13ã€Mongolia 3ã€Fengyan
No. 2 and Azalea No. 1, Quick Circle, Otsuka, Noodle, Noodle No. 2, Jiha No. 1, Jinong 2000, Jifeng No. 4, Anyang Red Solanum, and Luoyang Green Eggplant.
2 Black-purple long rod shaped eggplant area mainly includes Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia and other places. The black-and-purple long eggplant variety is mainly
A small amount of green long eggplant, green eggplant eggplant. The main cultivars are Longzagwan 3, Longzagone 5, Jiqie 3, Jinon 3, Liaoqian 5, Liaoqi 7
Xi'an Green Eggplant and so on.
3 The purplish red strip eggplant area mainly includes Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Shanghai and southern Jiangsu. Take the purple and purple strip eggplant varieties as
The main varieties include Yuanqi 1ã€Zhejiang 28ã€Message 1ã€Jinshan Longqieã€Qiqie 2ã€Farmer Youyuanã€Hangzhou Red Solanumã€Yuwan No.1ã€Suqie Soybeanã€Tian
Zhongfulong, Eqie No. 1, Yingchun No. 1, Chunxiao Eggplant, Jiangfeng No. 1, Zichang and so on.
4 purplish red long strip, oval eggplant area mainly includes Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places. With purple strips, purple long
Bar-shaped, purplish oval eggplant varieties dominate. The main cultivars are E.E.#1, Yanlichang, Suqienqi, Xuzhou Governor Eggplant, Zilong No.3 and Yingchunyi.
Number, Chunxiao Eggplant, Hanhong No. 2, Hanghong No. 3, Oil Jar, Eggplant, Xiangza Zaohong, Xiangza No. 8, Zichang, etc.
5 purplish red long-shaped eggplant area mainly contains Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other places, mainly purplish red long-shaped eggplant varieties, there are a small amount of white long eggplant
Variety. The main cultivars include Zirong No. 2, Yuefeng purple red eggplant, Shijiu Changjiang eggplant, farmer long eggplant, Guangfeng red, and ivory white.
6 Purple stick-shaped, oval eggplant area mainly includes Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet and other places. The main cultivars are March, eggplant and decanoate
No. 1, Spring and Autumn Long Eggplant, Moqie, Rongzaqian No. 1, Rongzaqian No. 2, Qiejie No. 3, Noodle, Guiyang Red Gooseberry, Hanhong No. 2 and so on.
1 Purple oval (high round) shaped eggplant area mainly includes Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. Purple oval, purple high round, purple
Long-colored eggplant varieties are dominant, and in recent years, purple long red eggplant varieties have also been planted. The main cultivars include New Eggplant No. 2, New Eggplant No. 4, Lanzhou Zichang Eggplant and Lanzhu Long.
Eggplant, Daxie, Eryi, Hanhong No.2 and so on.
2 Seed production base conditions and regional latitude span in China is relatively large, at latitude 18 to 46. Low-latitude areas (18-32) mainly include Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and clouds
South, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places. The advantage of producing eggplant seeds in this area is that seeds can be harvested earlier and can be applied in time before production.
The field purity test is performed; the disadvantage is that: due to the fruit growing period is in the high temperature rainy season, so the rot fruit is serious, the yield is low, generally every 667 square meters of seed
Yield 20 to 40kg. Although the use of greenhouse facilities for seed production is relatively high, the cost is also higher.
High latitudes (40-46) mainly include Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. This area has a short frost-free period and is suitable for early
The seed production of cooked varieties is generally about 40 kg per 667 square meters.
The middle latitudes (32-40) mainly include Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi and Shaanxi.
. The Huaihai Plain and the Hexi Corridor in this area have a pure color due to the abundant sunshine, low rainfall, abundant groundwater and large temperature difference between day and night.
Full, high yield, generally 60-80 kg per 667 square meters (depending on the variety), especially suitable for eggplant seed production. In recent years, our country’s
Most of the eggplant seed production bases are located in this area, and generally take the form of "trusted company + company + farmer". This article talks about eggplant breeding
Technology is mainly aimed at this area.
The eggplant must not be used as a continuous crop. The seed field must be selected for cultivation or for more than 4 years of rotation. In space isolation, at least 100 to 100% from other eggplant varieties
150m; When using mechanical isolation, at least 10m away from other eggplant varieties. The farmers of the seed production base should also have strong sense of responsibility and certain technical capabilities.
Positively, follow the arrangements, so as to ensure seed yield and quality.
3 Seed production technology
3.1 Base Soil and Seedling Conditions Production fields must be high-desert, uniform in soil, deep in soil, air and light, fertile and loose in soil, convenient in drainage and irrigation, and stable in production and maintenance of sandy loam or
Loam.
Timely sowing and cultivating large-scale seedlings are necessary to ensure that the parent and mother have a good flowering period and that the female parent is at the optimum temperature for the fertilization of eggplant and Simendou.
Wai. The seeding date of the male parent should be determined according to the maturity and flowering habits of the parents. If the father is earlier than the mother, the parents could have sown at the same time; if the father
Maternal maturity is comparable, then the father should be sowed 5 to 7 days earlier than the mother; if the father is more mature than the mother, the father should be sowed 7 to 15 days earlier than the mother. Parental planting
The ratio is 1: (4 to 5).
Nursery soil should be selected from 2 to 3 years without planting solanaceous fruits, melons, vegetables, potato, tobacco and other crops, preferably from beans, onions and garlic.
To take soil from the plot, the best soil is within 15cm of the soil surface. The fertilizer can be fully fermented and decomposed by pigs, cattle and horse dung plus appropriate amount of plant ash to kill insects.
Eggs and pathogenic microorganisms reduce seedling disease. Using nursery seedlings, the suitable temperature during the seedling stage is 25-28°C during the day and 18-20°C during the night. Suitable for sowing
Diluted sowing, sowing rate per square meter is 10 ~ 15g. 3 to 4 true leaves are seedlings, and the seedlings are thawed at low temperature for 1 week before planting.
Strong seedlings standard: general seedling age 80 to 90 days, plants with 6 to 7 true leaves, large leaves with hypertrophy, dark leaves, thick and short stems, roots developed, colonization
When the plant just buds.
3.2 Field Management 1 Planting at the right time The temperature stabilizes when the plant reaches the end of frost. 15 days before planting, composted organic manure and P and K compound fertilizers, deep-turning pods or ridging
Covering the film. Select windless sunny planting, planting and pouring root water. Use wide and narrow rows for deep sorghum cultivation. General early-maturing varieties spacing 66cm, strain
45cm; middle and late-maturing varieties spacing 80cm, spacing 50cm. The father and mother are planted in zones and the father is planted early.
2 The management of fertilizer and water should pay attention to the management of the fertilizer and water of mother Honda. a. Reapply base fertilizer. Combine land preparation, applying 150,000 to every 667 square meters of farmyard fertilizer
20000kg, urea 10-15kg, compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 50kg. b. Lightly apply Miao Fei. After planting to flowering, top dressing 1~2 according to plant growth potential
Secondly, the concentration should not be too high, otherwise it will cause the plants to be long and cause the flowers to fall. Pollination period, in order to prevent falling flowers, if the plant is not seriously lack of fat and water
Generally do not have to top-dressing watering. c. timely recovery of fruit fat. When the pollinated fruit grows to the size of the duck egg, it is timely watered and top dressing, applying urea 10 to 20 kg per 667 square meters.
25kg compound fertilizer to promote rapid fruit enlargement. After fertilization, the top dressing is applied 2 to 3 times, and 10 to 15 kg of compound fertilizer can be applied every 667 square meters. fruit
When starting the color change, stop top dressing and keep the soil moist.
The parent Honda land preparation and Shiji Fei are basically the same as the mother Honda. As long as there is sufficient supply of pollen, it is generally no longer top-dressing to keep the soil moist.
3 The plant is adjusted to reduce nutrient consumption, so that the female plants bloom more in a short period of time, pollination time is shortened, concentration pollination is convenient, and it is necessary to remove the gate tomato flowers.
The buds and all their collaterals (medium and late-maturing varieties can leave 1 collateral), allowing the plants to maintain bifurcated branches. After the pollination of the four-door squad is over, leave 3 leaves topping.
Insert brackets to prevent lodging and reduce rotting.
4 Before removing pollens, strictly remove the parent plants from the parent plants. Mainly to the parent's initial flowering node, leaf shape, leaf color, growth potential, typical color
For inspection basis, remove the strains. After the pollination is completed, the self-fruiting and paternal plants on the female plants are removed.
5 Diseases and Insect Pests The main diseases are the M. blight and Verticillium wilt, which must be prevented in advance. In the full fruit period, every 1 to 10 days, spray 1 liquid to prevent and treat M
~ 3 times, the following part of the flower, fruit-based, can choose 72% Kelu 600 ~ 800 times or 72% Precair 800 times or 80% of 500 times Daikin 500 times solution. Prevent yellow
Wilt disease is mainly used as a farming system for 3-5 years without eggplant.
The main pests are locusts and red spiders. Aphids can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 4000 to 5000 times liquid, 3% acetamiprid soluble powder 2000 times liquid spray
Fog prevention, once a week, 2 or 3 times in a row, the key sprayer is on the back and back. Red spider focus on the back of sprayer, can choose 1.8% abamectin 1000 times, 73%
Keteite 2000 to 3000 times liquid, 5% stuck 1000 times liquid spray control, once a week, 2 or 3 times in a row.
3.3 Seed production and storage 50 to 60 days after flowering, when the peel becomes yellow (some varieties do not turn color or turn slowly, determined according to the pollination days)
After 7 to 10 days of ripening, take the seeds. When collecting hybrid fruit, check whether the pollination markers of the fruit are obvious.
1 A small amount of seeds are picked up with a stick or with a hand, so that the seeds and pulp are separated from each other, washed in water, so that the full seeds sink to the bottom of the water, removing the floating
The seeds and impurities on the surface of the water are spread on a mat or drying cloth to dry.
2 A large number of species are harvested and the five seeds at both ends of the fruit are removed. The fruit is broken with a small crusher and then washed and dried. Can not be placed on the cement floor
In order to avoid direct light, turn over frequently.
When the seed moisture is not higher than 8%, an initial cleaning is performed to remove impurities and pods, and the larvae are packaged in a woven bag containing an inner membrane, and a label is attached inside and outside.
3.4 Seed Production 1 Conventional seed production and parents are usually inbred lines and must have a certain reserve. They can use a method of breeding and batch use. Original species
Production is divided into two methods: one is the direct breeding of the seed of the breeder; the other is the production of the “three-reserve system†method.
a. Single plant selection. The parents were planted with 100 to 200 strains, with a spacing of 50 cm and a row spacing of 80 cm. According to the characteristic characteristics of the varieties, the plants are selected to grow robustly and fruit
Excellent single seed development with normal development and no pest damage. According to fruit shape, fruit color, fruit size and other characteristics of the fruit to meet the typical characteristics of seed retention. Tomato blossom
When the four-door douche blossoms, strict selection of excellent individuals, numbering, artificial self-pollination, and general selection of 8 to 10 individuals are required. After 50 to 60 days of eggplant flowering,
When the skin becomes tan, it can be harvested. Fruits can be planted in a ventilated, dry, cool place after 7-10 days of ripening. Single receipt and single deposit according to the number code
, as a plant line nursery species.
b. Plant line nursery. Each individual plant was selected for seed sowing, each colonizing a community, no less than 50 per cell. Before the blossom of the four-door douche, according to the individual plant
Do not identify, select eight excellent strains for artificial pollination. Single collection by strain
c. Original species nursery. Each strain was sown separately, and each colony was planted in a plot of at least 50 plots per plot. Select the best strain for artificial pollination and fruiting
When cooked, each individual strain of one strain was mixed and collected as the original inbred line.
2 inbreds preparation hybrid generation a. emasculation. Choose the flowers of the eggplant and the four-door bucket (some varieties also have the optional octahedral style). Choose the 2nd day to blossom
Big flower buds. The left hand gently takes the stalk, the right hand poke the petals with a rake, the tine point into the base of the anther, and gently remove the anther 2 or 3 times, taking care not to touch it
Head injury. It usually takes place in the afternoon.
b. Collect pollen. Take the powder on the same day or take the powder for the next day (you must keep the pollen in a cool, dry condition). There are two types of powder extraction
law. One is electro-powder extraction: on the flower that was opened on the day of paternity, an anther was aligned with a powder collector, and the mature pollen in the drug room was taken with the vibration force of the powder-picking needle.
Out. The other is artificial collection: from 8:00 am to 10:00 am, take the parent flower that bloomed on that day, remove the anthers, and put it in a cool place or dry lime.
When it is dry and the tip of the anther is cracked, put it in a glass jar and shake it with nylon socks to filter out the pollen or sieve the pollen directly on the paper with a sieve of 120 mesh.
Into pollination tube spare.
c. Pollination. From 7:00am to 10:00am, the open mother flower that had been emasculated 1 day before the election, the left hand gently holding the base of the flower and the peduncle, the right hand
The rubber head or other tool of the pencil drew the pollen evenly on the stigma of the pistil, and then removed the two bracts or marked a short colored line on the stalk.
Pollination once on the second day can increase the number of seeds. If the rain is encountered in a short time after pollination, it should be supplemented once again. Long eggplant varieties can stay 8 to 12 fruit
, Round eggplant and large fruit varieties to stay 2 to 4 kinds of fruit is better.
4 field purity inspection
4.1 The inspection basis is based on the typical nature of the parents' initial flowering nodes, leaf shape, leaf color, growth potential, and flower color as the inspection basis to remove the miscellaneous strains, and check the isolation condition at the same time.
Male conditions and pollination markers meet the requirements;
4.2 Inspection Methods and Period 1 Conduct at least 2 inspections prior to pollination, focusing on isolation and removal.
2 During the pollination period, follow-up, supervise the seed production unit in a timely, clean and thorough manner, timely removal of cracked flowers and self-inflicted fruit.
3 When collecting fruit, check whether the fruit pollination mark is obvious.
4.3 Processing of inspection results Each inspection should be recorded. The problem should be reviewed with the person in charge of the inspection unit and instructed to record the same inspection
Sign the card. After all inspections are completed, the inspection results shall be reported to the competent authority and the commissioning unit. For the scrapped seeds, timely reasons for
Written methods separately notify the competent authority and the seed production unit.
The seeds produced are examined and graded by the seed inspection agencies at all levels according to the standards of GB/T3543.1-3543.7-1995 and GBl6715.3-1999.
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