The nutritional needs of different crops vary, and so do the characteristics of various fertilizers. By understanding how crops absorb nutrients and matching the right chemical fertilizers to soil conditions, farmers can maximize fertilizer efficiency, lower production costs, and achieve higher yields. This tailored approach ensures that each crop receives what it needs without unnecessary waste.
First, the response of different crops to nitrogen fertilizer varies. For rice, ammonium-based fertilizers like ammonium chloride or urea are ideal to reduce nitrogen leaching. Cereal crops such as corn and wheat benefit equally from either ammonium or nitrate forms of nitrogen, including ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, or ammonium nitrate. Potatoes and sweet potatoes also respond well to ammonium-based fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate is particularly beneficial for tobacco, improving its quality and flammability. However, chlorine-containing fertilizers like ammonium chloride should be avoided in tobacco due to their negative impact on flammability. Leafy crops, such as vegetables and tea, require more nitrogen, while legumes only need a small amount early in their growth cycle before their root nodules become active.
In southern China, where high temperatures and heavy rainfall are common, using ammonium nitrogen fertilizers helps reduce leaching. Acidic soils in this region benefit from alkaline or physiologically basic nitrogen fertilizers. In saline-alkaline soils, it's better to avoid ammonium chloride due to its high chloride content, which can worsen soil salinity. In alkaline soils, ammonium nitrate is effective, but care must be taken to prevent ammonia from decomposing and evaporating.
Second, different crops respond differently to phosphorus. Legumes like soybeans and peanuts, as well as sugar crops such as sugar beets and sugarcane, require more phosphorus for optimal growth. Water-soluble phosphates like calcium superphosphate and triple superphosphate are easily absorbed by plants. Triple superphosphate contains twice to three times more available phosphorus than regular superphosphate, so less of it is needed. Most of the applied phosphorus remains in the soil, benefiting future crops, so repeated application is unnecessary in fields with high phosphorus levels.
Third, potassium requirements vary among crops. Crops rich in carbohydrates, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, watermelons, and fruit trees, demand large amounts of potassium. These are called high-potassium crops. However, they are sensitive to chlorine, so potassium chloride should be avoided, as it can reduce yield and quality. Potassium chloride is not suitable for long-term use on saline-alkaline soils. It can be used as a base or top dressing for non-chloride-sensitive crops but not as a seed fertilizer. Potassium sulfate, on the other hand, is versatile and suitable for all soil types and crops, making it ideal for base, seed, and top-dressing applications.
Fourth, some crops have specific needs for sulfur, sodium, chlorine, molybdenum, and boron. Potatoes, soybeans, peanuts, and oilseeds are sulfur-loving crops, and calcium sulfate proves more effective than other sources. Sugar beets thrive with sodium nitrate, while crops like cotton and hemp benefit from chlorine, which enhances fiber strength. Molybdenum is crucial for legumes and cruciferous crops like cauliflower and rapeseed. Boron is essential for crops like rapeseed, cotton, peanuts, and fruit trees, which are highly sensitive to deficiency. A lack of boron can lead to poor flowering and reduced yields.
Lastly, rice has a unique requirement for silicon. Silicon is considered the fourth most important nutrient for rice. Applying silicon improves plant height, number of panicles, grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. It also strengthens stalks, enhances drought and pest resistance, increases nitrogen use efficiency in the later growth stages, and promotes earlier maturity. This effect is especially noticeable in new paddy fields and acidic soils. Silicon can be applied as a base fertilizer, often mixed with calcium magnesium silicate or other fertilizers.
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