Reporter: Since the beginning of winter, the weather in northern China, especially in the winter wheat regions, has been persistently dry, while the southern rice-growing areas have experienced more rainfall. Professor Wang, could you explain how climate conditions affect fertilization?
Experts: Within a certain temperature range, higher temperatures accelerate the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter, enhancing the crop's ability to absorb nutrients. For example, after applying urea, it takes 7–10 days to take effect at 10°C, but only 4–5 days at 20°C. Therefore, in cold regions, early spring fertilization should be done carefully. It’s best to use quick-acting fertilizers like nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen to ensure timely nutrient availability.
Reporter: What is the relationship between light and fertilization?
Experts: Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by crops. When there is insufficient light, crops are more likely to suffer from nitrogen and potassium deficiencies, which can lead to lodging and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Reporter: Could you explain how precipitation and irrigation affect fertilization?
Experts: Fertilizer nutrients dissolve in water and become available for plant uptake. Soil moisture also helps regulate soil aeration. However, during dry periods, fertilization may not be effective because the nutrients cannot be properly absorbed. On the other hand, excessive rain or irrigation can cause nutrient leaching and loss. In prolonged waterlogged conditions, harmful substances may accumulate, leading to root rot. Therefore, it's important to drain excess water after heavy rains and apply fertilizers appropriately.
Reporter: Considering that climate conditions vary greatly across different regions in China, what should farmers pay attention to when fertilizing?
Experts: Regional climate differences reflect variations in temperature, light, and precipitation. In areas with favorable weather conditions, farmers can increase fertilizer application to maximize yield potential. However, this should always be done based on soil testing and crop needs.
Reporter: Mr. Guo from Fuyang, Anhui Province, mentioned that there was very little rain last year, and some wheat suffered from freezing damage. What should he do now?
Experts: If irrigation facilities are available, he can lightly water the fields during warm midday or afternoon hours. If there are signs of nutrient deficiency, he can combine irrigation with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. However, since wheat roots are weak, the amount should be limited—around 5 kg of urea per acre. If the field wasn't properly prepared before sowing, uneven water distribution may occur in areas without irrigation. Therefore, improving soil preparation is essential.
Reporter: Mr. Chen from Wuchang, Hubei Province, asked about his family’s rice fields. What advice would you give?
Experts: In rice fields, excessive water can lead to poor ventilation, low soil temperature, and hinder rapeseed root growth and nutrient absorption. Therefore, it's not advisable to overwater. The main solution is to improve drainage by digging trenches. Once drainage is ensured, applying a small amount of fertilizer or using a soil conditioner can help protect against cold and promote stronger seedlings.
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