Reporter: Since the start of winter, northern China, especially in the winter wheat regions, has experienced prolonged dry weather, while southern rice-producing areas have seen more rainfall. Professor Wang, could you explain how climate conditions affect fertilization?
Experts: Within a certain range, higher temperatures accelerate the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter, which enhances the crop’s ability to absorb nutrients. For example, after applying urea, it takes about 7–10 days to take effect at 10°C, but only 4–5 days at 20°C. Therefore, in colder regions, early spring fertilization should be done carefully. It's best to use quick-acting fertilizers like nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen to ensure timely nutrient availability.
Reporter: What is the relationship between light and fertilization?
Experts: Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis and the crop’s ability to absorb and utilize nutrients. In low-light conditions, crops tend to lack nitrogen and potassium, making them more prone to lodging and susceptibility to pests and diseases.
Reporter: How do precipitation and irrigation conditions affect fertilization?
Experts: Fertilizer nutrients dissolve in water and are then taken up by crops. Soil moisture also helps regulate soil aeration. During dry periods, it's harder for fertilizers to work effectively. However, excessive rain or irrigation can lead to nutrient leaching and even the accumulation of harmful substances in the soil, potentially causing root rot. After heavy rains, proper drainage is essential, and additional fertilizer may be needed to compensate for losses.
Reporter: With such varied climate conditions across China, what should farmers pay attention to when applying fertilizers?
Experts: Regional climate differences involve temperature, light, and precipitation. In areas with harsh weather conditions, increasing fertilizer application slightly can help maximize yield potential. But this must be done carefully based on actual crop needs and soil conditions.
Reporter: Mr. Guo from Fuyang, Anhui Province, mentioned that there was very little rain last year, and some wheat suffered from freezing damage. What should he do now?
Experts: If there are irrigation facilities, he can lightly water the fields during warm midday or afternoon hours. If there are signs of nutrient deficiency, he can apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer along with irrigation. However, since the wheat roots are weak, the amount should not be too high—around 5 kg of urea per acre. If the field wasn’t properly prepared before sowing, some areas might still lack irrigation. Therefore, improving soil preparation is essential.
Reporter: Mr. Chen from Wuchang, Hubei Province, asked about his family’s rice fields.
Experts: In rice paddies, poor drainage and low soil temperature can hinder rapeseed growth and nutrient uptake. Excessive moisture can reduce soil aeration, leading to poor root development. To address this, farmers should focus on improving drainage by digging ditches. Once drainage is improved, applying a small amount of fertilizer or using a soil conditioner can help protect against cold and promote stronger seedlings.
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