Longan is a perennial fruit tree that is prone to various diseases and insect pests, many of which can cause serious damage to litchi as well. Common pests include the litchi stink bug, peduncle bug, sharp-lined moth, ulnar bug, various leafworms, cockroaches, and scale insects. On the disease side, issues like sooty blotch, leaf spot, and others are frequently observed. To effectively manage these problems, an integrated approach combining agricultural, biological, and chemical control methods is essential. Here's a detailed breakdown:
1. **Strengthen Phytosanitary Measures**: Preventing the introduction of new pests and diseases is crucial. With the increasing movement of longan seeds, nursery stock, and scions between regions, strict quarantine protocols must be enforced, especially in newly established plantations. This helps avoid the spread of diseases such as longan ghost disease.
2. **Agricultural Practices**: Pruning infected branches, removing diseased parts, and clearing dead leaves from the orchard are important steps. These should be done regularly from the early stages of orchard establishment. Longan requires ample nutrients and water, so planting in poor soil is not advisable. Applying sufficient base fertilizer and balancing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is key. Orchards with proper nutrition and irrigation tend to have fewer cases of psittacosis and horned cheeks.
3. **Promote Biological Control**: Encouraging natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings, birds, and other beneficial insects can significantly reduce pest populations. In areas where natural enemies are already present or where the canopy is tall, releasing additional predators can enhance biological control efforts.
4. **Chemical Control**: When necessary, use high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides. Mixing sprays for both pest and disease control is recommended. Avoid using highly toxic and residue-prone chemicals like methamidophos to ensure the safety of the environment and human health.
Overall, research on comprehensive prevention and control systems for longan pests and diseases remains limited and needs further development. Continuous improvement and adaptation of strategies will be vital for sustainable longan cultivation.
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