High-yield Cultivation of Apples and Prevention of Pests and Diseases

Apple is a fruit that is enjoyed by people of all ages. It is well known for its high nutritional and medicinal value, often being referred to as the "first doctor of medicine." In the United States, many people use apples as part of their weight-loss routines. They follow a special day called "Apple Day," where they consume only apples for one day a week as a form of dieting. **I. Apple Cultivation Techniques** 1. **Seedlings and Orchard Setup** (1) **Seedlings**: Most apple trees are propagated through grafting. There are two main types of rootstocks: Joe's anvil and dwarf anvil. Joe’s anvil can be grown from seeds or through sand layering, typically sown in autumn or spring with a cold stratification period of 30–60 days. Dwarf anvil rootstocks must be propagated using cuttings, layers, or ramets to maintain their compact growth habit. Grafting is usually done using T-budding in the fall, when the buds begin to develop. If the buds don’t survive, they are grafted again in the following spring. Branches are often cut or snapped during this process. (2) **Orchard Location**: Apple orchards should be planted in areas where the groundwater level is below 80–100 cm. Seedlings are best planted in autumn. Spacing varies depending on tree size and soil fertility. For flatlands, a spacing of 5–6 meters by 5–6 meters is typical. In sandy or hilly areas, a closer spacing of 3–5 meters by 4–5 meters is used. For dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties, a more compact planting of 2–3 meters by 3–4 meters is recommended. 2. **Shaping and Pruning** (1) **Training**: Common shapes include the open-center or sparse-layer system. For semi-dwarf and short-stemmed trees, the free-spindle shape is preferred. (2) **Pruning**: Winter pruning involves techniques like heading back, thinning, and renewal. Summer pruning includes methods such as tipping, bending, twisting, and girdling. For young apple trees, the focus is on selecting and retaining the main branches while maintaining a balanced canopy to promote flowering and fruiting. 3. **Soil, Fertilization, and Water Management** Fertilization is crucial for healthy apple growth. Each year, 500–2000 kg of mature compost is applied as base fertilizer. To extend leaf photosynthesis in late autumn, 25 kg of Guoyou 106 bio-fertilizer can be added. Topdressing is applied based on the tree’s growth stages, typically 1–3 times per year. During flowering and fruiting, 1 kg of Guoyou 106 is used, 2 kg during flower bud differentiation, and 3 kg during fruit expansion. 4. **Flower and Fruit Management** (1) **Promoting Flowering**: Growth regulators like ethephon or paclobutrazol can be sprayed at different stages to encourage flowering. Spraying 0.15%–0.2% ethephon or 0.1%–0.15% paclobutrazol helps control excessive growth and promotes fruiting. (2) **Increasing Fruit Set**: Artificial pollination or bee release can help ensure fruit set during poor weather. Spraying 1000-fold dilution of certain products can also improve pollination success. (3) **Thinning**: Removing excess flowers and fruits early in the season prevents overloading the tree and ensures better quality fruit. (4) **Preventing Premature Drop**: Some varieties like Marshal or Red Star are prone to dropping fruit before harvest. Spraying 1–2 times 30–40 days before harvest can reduce this issue. (5) **Preventing Cracking**: Spraying calcium chloride solutions before harvest can help prevent cracking in sensitive varieties like Golden Delicious. **II. Major Diseases and Pests and Their Control** 1. **Diseases** (1) **Apple Rot**: Two forms exist—ulcer and branch dieback. Lesions should be scraped and treated with 100-times diluted solution. Spraying Guoyou 101 or bacteria solution before bud break helps prevent infection. (2) **Apple Anthracnose**: Causes fruit rot and drop. A mixture of Guoyou 101 and sneeze-gram solution can be used for prevention. (3) **Apple Ringworm**: Damages trunks and fruits. Combined treatment with Guoyou 101 and sneeze-gram is effective. (4) **Early Leaf Spot**: Causes defoliation. Spraying 1000-times diluted Guoyou 101 and sneeze-gram solution during the growing season helps protect leaves. 2. **Insect Pests** (1) **Spider Mites**: Spray 1000-times diluted sneeze before flowering and repeat once more. (2) **Peach Borer**: Larvae damage fruit. Apply 0.5 kg per plant before overwintering and spray 1000-times diluted ingeniously during adult stage. (3) **Pyrosphaeridae**: Overwinter in bark cracks. Cut off peach tips and use sweet vinegar traps. Spray 1000-times diluted ingeniously during peak moth activity. (4) **Apple Leaf Roller Moth**: Larvae feed on leaves. Scrape old bark in winter and apply 200-times diluted ingeniously or bacteria-killed solution. Adults can be controlled with 1000-times diluted fine spray.

Anti-Diabetes

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar. Hyperglycemia is due to insulin secretion defects or their biological effects of damage, or both caused. Hyperglycemia in long-term diabetes, leading to various tissues, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerve chronic damage, dysfunction. The etiology of diabetes is roughly one is Genetic factors. Type 1 or type 2 diabetes had significant genetic heterogeneity. There is a family history of diabetes mellitus, 1/4 ~ 1/2 patients with family history of diabetes. Clinically at least 60 kinds of genetic syndromes may be associated with diabetes. Second, Environmental factors, eating too much, reduce physical activity caused by obesity is the most important environmental factors of type 2 diabetes, so that type 2 diabetes genetic susceptibility to individuals prone to disease. There is no cure for diabetes, but through a variety of treatment can control diabetes. Mainly includes five aspects: diabetes education, self-monitoring of blood sugar, diet therapy, exercise therapy and drug treatment. Antidiabetic drugs are needed in the patient after eating and exercise therapy and diabetes health education, blood sugar control can not be achieved when the target treatment. Most antidiabetic drugs have a greater side effect, so the patient must follow the doctor's instructions. With the succession of new antidiabetic drug patents,the patient is not only actually reducing the cost of treatment, but also increased the number of treatment options, Take greater hopes to patients with disease control.

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