Apple is a fruit that is enjoyed by people of all ages. It is highly valued for its nutritional and medicinal benefits, often referred to as the "first doctor of medicine." In the United States, many individuals incorporate apples into their weight-loss routines, following a practice known as "Apple Day," where they consume only apples on a designated day each week.
**I. Apple Cultivation Techniques**
1. **Seedlings and Orchard Setup**
(1) **Seedlings**: Most apple trees are propagated through grafting. Two common rootstocks are Joe's Anvil and Dwarf Anvil. Joe's Anvil is typically grown from seeds, with sowing done in autumn or after spring using sand layering. The seeds require a cold stratification period of 30–60 days. Dwarf Anvil rootstocks, on the other hand, are propagated via cuttings, budding, or ramets to maintain their compact growth. Grafting is commonly done using T-budding in the fall, with semi-annual grafts performed when the buds begin to emerge. Young plants are usually pruned by cutting or snapping back branches.
(2) **Orchard Layout**: Apple orchards should be established in areas where the groundwater level is below 80–100 cm. Seedlings are best planted in autumn. Spacing varies depending on tree size and soil fertility. For flatlands, a spacing of (5–6) meters by (5–6) meters is suitable. In sandy or hilly regions, a denser planting of (3–5) meters by (4–5) meters is recommended for semi-dwarf varieties. For standard rootstocks or magnolia types, a closer spacing of (2–3) meters by (3–4) meters is used.
2. **Shaping and Pruning**
(1) **Training**: Common shapes include the open-center (sparse layer) system, which is ideal for semi-dwarf and short-stemmed trees. Other forms like the free spindle shape are also promoted to encourage better light penetration and fruiting.
(2) **Pruning**: Winter pruning involves techniques such as heading back, thinning, and shortening. Summer pruning includes topping, brushing, twisting, and girdling. For young saplings, the focus is on selecting and retaining the main branches while maintaining a balanced canopy to promote healthy growth and fruiting.
3. **Soil, Fertilization, and Water Management**
Fertilization plays a crucial role in apple cultivation. Each year, 500–2000 kg of mature compost is applied as basal fertilizer. To enhance late-season leaf function, 25 kg of Guoyou 106 bio-composite fertilizer can be mixed in. Topdressing is applied during key growth stages, typically 1–3 times annually. For example, 1 kg of Guoyou 106 is used during flowering, 2 kg during flower bud differentiation, and 3 kg during fruit expansion.
4. **Flower and Fruit Management**
(1) **Promoting Flowering**: Growth regulators like ethephon and paclobutrazol can be used to stimulate flowering in vigorous trees. Spraying at concentrations of 0.15–0.2% during shoot growth stages can help balance vegetative and reproductive growth.
(2) **Improving Fruit Set**: In years with poor pollination, artificial pollination or bee introduction is recommended. Spraying 1000-fold solutions of granules or sneeze grams can further support fruit set.
(3) **Thinning**: Removing excess flowers and fruits early in the season helps prevent over-cropping and ensures larger, higher-quality apples.
(4) **Preventing Premature Drop**: Certain varieties like Marshal and Red Star are prone to dropping fruit before harvest. Spraying 1–2 times with appropriate solutions 30–40 days before harvest can reduce this issue.
(5) **Preventing Cracking and Rust**: Calcium chloride sprays can help prevent cracking in Golden Delicious apples. Additionally, some varieties like Fuji are less prone to cracking.
**II. Major Diseases and Pests and Their Control**
1. **Diseases**
(1) **Apple Rot**: Symptoms include ulcers and branch dieback. Affected areas should be scraped and treated with a 100-times solution. Preventive sprays of Guoyou 101 or bacterial solutions can be applied before bud break.
(2) **Apple Anthracnose**: Causes fruit rot and drop. Spraying Guoyou 101 or a mix of bacterial and sneeze gram solutions can help control it.
(3) **Apple Ringworm**: Affects trunks and fruits, reducing tree vigor. Combining treatments with those for rot disease can help manage it.
(4) **Early Leaf Spot Disease**: Leads to defoliation. Spraying protective solutions during the growing season can prevent damage.
2. **Insect Pests**
(1) **Spider Mites**: Spray 1000-fold sneeze solution before flowering, then repeat once more.
(2) **Peach Borer**: Larvae damage fruit. Apply 0.5 kg per plant before larvae emerge, and spray 1000-fold ingeniously during adult stage.
(3) **Pyrosphaeridae (Pear Psylla)**: Overwinter in bark cracks. Cut off peach tips early, use sweet vinegar traps, and spray 1000-fold ingeniously during peak moth activity.
(4) **Apple Leaf Roller Moth**: Larvae overwinter under bark. Scrape old bark during dormancy, seal cuts with 200-times ingenious or 100-times bacterial solution, and spray 1000-fold fine solution during adult emergence.
By following these practices, growers can ensure healthy, productive apple trees while minimizing disease and pest damage.
Introduce and promote China pharmaceutical companies` APIs and intermediates to oversea market. Introduce and promote oversea pharmaceutical companies` API and intermediates to China market.
VOLSEN is capable and authorised to handle the import and export of pharmaceutical products globally - yet our expertise lies in importing from Korea
We import and export Functional Medicinal Products from Korea, working closely with our counterparts to ensure timely release from customs.
We are also available to give services if you wish to register product in China market.
Pharmaceutical Export, Pharmaceutical Import, Pharmaceutical Outsourcing, Exporting API
Taizhou Volsen Chemical Co., Ltd. , https://www.volsenchem.com