Breeding Management and Key Points
Proper feeding and management are essential for successful cashmere goat farming. The productivity of cashmere goats, including cashmere yield, quality of down, reproductive performance, and lamb survival rates, is closely tied to their feeding practices and overall care. Therefore, mastering scientific feeding and management techniques is crucial for achieving high yields and maintaining the health of the flock.
First, it's important to understand the natural behavior of cashmere goats. These animals are well-suited for grazing in diverse environments, such as low grasslands, steep slopes, and shrub-covered areas. Long-term grazing helps strengthen their bones and internal organs, improves adaptability, and reduces feed and labor costs. In winter, it's best to graze on south-facing slopes where snow accumulation is minimal. During winter and early spring, each sheep should be fed approximately 40 kg of soybeans daily to maintain energy levels. From November onward, each sheep receives about 2-3 soybeans or corn per day. Soybeans must be boiled and fully cooked before feeding, while corn can be given raw. Forage materials like pod skins, dry grass, and fresh branches and leaves are all acceptable. It's important to ensure that all feed is properly stored and not exposed to freezing temperatures. In winter, some ewes may be pregnant, so extra care is needed during grazing to avoid overexertion. Frozen or moldy feed should never be used, and all forages should be checked for spoilage before feeding.
Spring grazing requires caution, especially when the grass is young. In the first few days, it’s best to bring the sheep home before nightfall to prevent them from eating too much green grass at once. In April, flies become active, so grazing in dense shrubs should be avoided to prevent cashmere from getting tangled. During summer, avoid low-lying wet areas where foot diseases, commonly known as hoof rot, are more likely to occur. Rainy weather should also be avoided during grazing. Autumn is a critical time for controlling fleas, which can affect the health of the goats during the winter months. This season focuses on crop management to ensure enough feed for the coming seasons.
The sheep shelter should be located in a dry, well-ventilated area that provides protection from rain and wind. A solid floor is preferred to prevent dampness, and the location should not be in low-lying or muddy areas. In winter and spring, shelters should be built on the leeward side of the hill to provide warmth. The structure should be free of drafts and small openings that could let in cold air. It’s also important to keep the manure dry to prevent moisture absorption and heat loss.
Access to clean drinking water is vital for the health and productivity of the goats. Insufficient water can negatively impact growth, reproduction, and milk production, and severe shortages can even be life-threatening. Sheep should have access to water at least twice a day, with more frequent watering during hot summer months. In dry winter conditions, adequate water supply is essential. Water should be clean, and it’s best to avoid using water from ditches or stagnant pools. In winter, warm water should be provided to prevent health issues.
Salt supplementation is important for providing essential minerals like sodium and chlorine, which help improve appetite and water intake. The recommended salt intake per sheep is between 8-15 grams, with higher amounts (13-18 grams) for rams, pregnant, and nursing ewes. Salt should be offered in granular form in a salt feeder, allowing sheep to consume it freely. However, they should not drink immediately after consuming salt to avoid digestive discomfort.
Lambing management is crucial for ensuring the survival of newborns. Ewes should be closely monitored after giving birth, and lambs should be encouraged to nurse colostrum as soon as possible. Colostrum is rich in nutrients and antibodies, which are essential for the development and immunity of the lambs. The earlier and more colostrum a lamb consumes, the stronger its immune system will be, leading to better growth and higher survival rates. Proper care and feeding of colostrum should be prioritized during this critical period.
Breeding practices vary depending on the region. In alpine areas, cashmere goats typically give birth once a year, with breeding starting in October to December and kidding occurring between March and May. The gestation period lasts around 150 days, and careful management during pregnancy helps ensure healthy offspring. Ewes that are not bred should be castrated to prevent unwanted breeding. To avoid inbreeding, breeding rams should be rotated with other flocks. Hybridization with improved breeds can enhance the quality of local goats over generations. Cashmere goats have an estrus cycle of 17-19 days, and the ideal age for breeding is 8-10 years for ewes and 6-10 years for rams. The natural mating ratio is usually 1 ram to 30-50 ewes.
Shearing season typically begins in April or May and is done twice a year. Special tools like iron combs are used for shearing, and these can be purchased or made locally. Care must be taken to avoid scratching the skin during the process. If the skin is injured, it should be cleaned with iodine to prevent infection. Rough handling during shearing can cause stress or injury to the ewes, potentially leading to miscarriage or fractures. Gentle and careful handling is essential throughout the shearing process.
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