Also known as wolfberry, chicken head, pheasant, etc., it is an annual large-scale herbaceous aquatic vegetable of Nymphaeaceae.
At present, there are about 150,000 mu of cultivated land in China. The varieties can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "Robinia pseudoacacia," also known as "northern loquat," and most of them are wild species that are widely distributed throughout the country. The variety stems, leaves, and fruits are closely related to the thorns. Once matured, they are harvested at one time, and their rice bran quality is poor. The other category is “Su Shiâ€, also known as “Nan Yeâ€, and it is a cultivated species that the working people cultivate after years of domestication training. The plants have no thorns except for sparse thorns on the leaf veins of the leaves and leaf margins. , can be harvested in batches according to different maturation periods, and its rice quality is excellent. At present, various places in the country, such as Shanghai, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Hubei, have initiated introductions. This has not only promoted the cultivation of edible cultivars, but also developed and replaced the cultivation of local locust roots.
Solid nature, sweet and astringent. The "Compendium of Materia Medica" also affirmed the function of thirst-quenching and kidney-boosting. Therefore, it is often used as a nourishing medicine for spleen-preventing diarrhea, solid kidney astringent essence, nocturnal emission, turbidity, urinary incontinence, and stool diarrhea. In addition, Jiufu can be sturdy and hardworking. Stems only thirst, in addition to heat, raw and cooked, its roots such as triangular, cooked, such as wolfberry edible, governance heartache Qi knot.
First, the main varieties
1. Su Shi (Nankai)
(1) Alfalfa: Suzhou landrace, with early maturity, moderate growth potential. Leaf diameter 1.5-2.5 meters. Calyx 4, triangular, lateral turquoise outer purple, purple petals. The number of single plant results is many, the single fruit weight can be 400, the average single fruit seed 127, weighing 250 grams, diameter of about 1.6 cm, seed coat thickness of 0.4 cm, seed kernel (glutinous rice) diameter of 0.8 cm, about 57% rice rate. About 25 kilograms of dried glutinous rice are harvested in the middle and late August, and they are finally collected in early October.
(2) Begonia: Local varieties in Suzhou, mature late. Leaf diameter 2 to 2.9 meters. Calyx 4, triangular, lateral turquoise, inside white, petals white. The number of results per plant is slightly lower, with a single fruit weight of 480 grams or more, an average of 109 seeds, weighing 252 meters, and a rice yield of about 52%. About 20 kilograms of dried glutinous rice are harvested from late August to early September and finally received in mid-October.
2. Robinia pseudoacacia (Northern centipede) The northern part of the plant is small, and the primary leaves are young and linear. As the plant grows, the leaf shape increases, from the arrow-shaped leaves to the nicked shield leaves, and the whole part of the ground is free of thorns. Plants grow, and the body is full of raw spines. The leaves are green, wrinkled, 70 to 80 cm in diameter, and up to 2 meters in size. The leaves are red and the veins are reticular; the petiole is 1.5 meters long. Petal purple, white flower, 16 pieces, outsourcing 4 sepals.
Second, cultivation technology
1, Nanzhao
(1) Tangtian Arrangement: Most of the south loquat cultivation uses the lakeside shallows and the swamp low pond cultivation. Each year, there are even more authors.
Cultivated cultivars should choose the lake ponds and plots with stable water level fluctuations, convenient drainage and irrigation, and less wind waves. If the water depth exceeds 1.5 meters, the growth potential of the plants will be weakened and the yield will be reduced. The strong winds and waves will affect the rooting of the roots or break the blades easily.
(2) Cultivation methods: practical seed propagation, two kinds of cultivation methods: direct seeding and seedling transplanting. Because of the non-thorny plants in Nanxun, it has been used for the propagation of seedlings in order to prolong its growth period.
1, live. In early April, sowing seeds 1.5 to 2 kg per mu. Methods include sowing, mud pellets on demand and drilling. Hole sowing should be selected 0.3 meters deep shallow lake swing, every 2.3 to 4 meters square digging a shallow hole, sowing seeds per hole 3 to 4 tablets, covering about 1 cm of soil to ensure Qimiao. Mudlocks are sowed on the lake in deep water and with more aquatic animals. The method is to use tidal mud to wrap 3~4 seeds into a mass and then broadcast them on demand. Drilling is in the water in line with the 2.6 to 3.3 meters line spacing sowing, generally every 0.7 to 1 meters sowing a seed, requires uniform seeds, thin fat, thin and dense broadcast.
2, nursery transplanting.
A. Germination: In early April, the temperature is warming, the seeds buried earlier years are removed and washed, the seeds are soaked in pots (immersion seeds), and the sun is used to increase the water temperature. After 8 to 10 days, the water is changed and the germination is carried out. Dew can be sown seeds.
B. Nursery: Before sowing, open a 2m square and a 15cm deep nursery pond in the empty field to remove moss and duckweed, level the bottom of the pool, and fill the water until the mud clarification and then sowing. Usually sowed in mid-April, broadcast about 1 kilogram per square meter. When sowing, it should be sprinkled near the surface of the water to prevent the seed from falling into the mud and affect the seedling emergence.
C. Transfer seedlings: After sowing, after about 40 days, to mid-to-late May, when the seedlings have 2 or 3 leaflets, the seedlings are transferred. Miao field should be selected to shelter the sun, drainage and drainage of convenient paddy fields, all around to do Takada, remove weeds, apply manure manure, and leveling the bottom, irrigation depth of 10 to 15 cm. When seedlings are transplanted, they must be seeded and transplanted in time. If the transplanted field is far away from Putian, the soil on the roots should be washed, and the roots should be properly disposed and placed in the tub, covered with shading, to prevent the sun. Transplanting seedlings row spacing is 50-60 cm square. When transplanting, it is necessary to prevent the burying of the heart and leaves, affecting the hair tree. After the seedlings return to green, they gradually deepen the water level as the new leaves grow. The water depth before planting should be close to the water level of the planting field (or pond, beach), which can generally be deepened to 30-50 cm.
D. Colonization: From late June to early July, when the seedlings grow to 4 round leaves, the large leaves can be planted at a diameter of 25 cm. Before planting, press the plant spacing of 2.3 meters or so to open the hole and plant the shallow plant, 120 to 140 holes per mu, with a diameter of 1 meter or more and a depth of 15 to 20 cm. It is in the shape of a pot, then the weeds in the hole are removed, and the base fertilizer is added. Generally, the organic manure or river mud is used to decompose. The application of potash fertilizer can increase the yield and quality (deep lake water level is relatively deep, and it is difficult to apply basal fertilizer. More fertilizer and soil are mixed. Wrap the roots of the seedlings and colonize the holes.) After opening the hole and fertilizing, it still takes 1 to 2 days for the mud to be clarified and then colonized. Planting methods with the transplanting seedlings, with the seedlings with the planting, and to prevent the planting too deep, soil "heart", affecting plant growth.
3, field management.
A. Wind protection: seedlings are not resistant to wind and wave attacks, so we must plant grass around the lake or Daejeon (a few dozens of acres or more), swing every 4 to 5 lines, vertical and horizontal lines of each planting weeds to form a windbreak hedgegrass fence .
B. Miao Miao: live lake swing seedlings, water surface leaf diameter of about 10 cm when the seedlings should be promptly checked, replenishment and thinning. Seedling transplanting field to check whether the seedlings were buried in silt, if there is a shortage of plants, it should be immediately replanted to ensure that the whole seedlings.
C. Alum: As the plant grows, the wide-aperture shallow planting seedlings need to be gradually cultivated and rooted to ensure that the heart and leaves of the seedlings gradually rise and that there is mud and sufficient fertilizer for the long new roots, and the shallow holes can be gradually leveled in the later period.
D. Weeding: 7 to 10 days after planting, weeding is started, and weeds are kneaded into mud for manure. After the end of July and early August, the leaves begin to seal and weeding stops.
E. Irrigation: Afforestation is a large aquatic plant that requires a large amount of water, so it must not be cut off during the growing season. The inner pond is compacted and the shallow water should be kept after planting. Usually 7 to 10 centimeters (25-30 centimeters deep inside the cave), and after deepening, the water level can be deepened to 30 to 50 centimeters (water depth within the cave is about 50 centimeters). The outer lake beach is affected by the lake's rise and fall. It can reach 1.5 to 2 meters at the deepest. It can still grow normally, but the water is big, the waves are large, the petioles and pedicels are elongated, the nutrients are consumed, the yield is reduced, and the harvest is difficult.
F. Topdressing: Nanzhao is not tolerant to fertilizer, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, leaf surface prone to tumor-like protrusions, dark green leaves, bright, large and thick leaves, but easy to affect the results and increase the occurrence of various diseases. When the leaves are thin and yellow, the new leaves grow slowly, and when the wrinkles are dense, the plants do not grow well. The cultivating topdressing method is usually a mixture of mud and mud. It is commonly called “manure churnâ€, ie 10 to 15 barrels (about 25 kilograms per barrel) of contaminated human excrement are mixed in 2 to 3 times and mixed into 20 barrels of semi-arid river mud. Each batch should be piled for a few days to allow the soil to fully absorb nutrients. When it is half dried, it can be squeezed into mudballs, weighing about 0.5 kg each. If you add some compound fertilizer in the mud, the effect will be better. When fertilizing the group should be away from the plant 10 to 15 cm, each about 1 kilogram per plant, from the middle of July to mid-August, the plant seal line only general fertilization 2 to 3 times. Plant growth and post-sealing foliar application of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.1% boric acid mixture can significantly increase plant resistance and increase yield and quality.
Third, pest control
1, disease
(1) Consolidation of leaf spot disease:
Control methods:
1, seriously affected by flood and drought rotation.
2, do a good job in the field. During the growing period and receiving time, the sick leaves are removed and buried or burnt.
3, strengthen fertilizer and water management. Efforts are made to make compost for base fertilizers or to make compost from phytoferritin. Look at seedlings to see the amount of top dressing, so that the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1000 times outside the top dressing. According to the actual stage of fertility, the water layer should be well managed and the depth should be suitable. The water should be used to regulate the temperature and regulate the fertilizer, so as to prevent the disease from being aggravated by excessive water temperature or long-term deep irrigation.
4. The diseased leaves were found to be removed in time and brought out of the field and burned or buried deeply. Spray 50% carbendazim WP and 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder by diluting 500-600 times by 2:1, or 62.25% by WP 600-800, or 25% against the enemy. Delipidating oil 1000 to 1500 times, or 20% toclobutanil wettable powder 2000 times, or 50% thiophanate-methyl sulfur suspension 800 times, or 50% benomyl wettable powder 1000 times, Or 40% anthrax Fumei WP 800 times, every 10 days or so, continuous control 2 to 3 times. The drug was stopped 7 days before harvest.
(2), solid leaf tumor disease:
Control methods:
1, the implementation of rotation.
2. Do a good job of clearing the sick body after cleaning the field.
3, rational fertilization, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. In the growing season, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed as an extra-root fertilizer.
4. Spray 70% thiophanate-methyl WP wettable powder 1000 times, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times, or 15% triadimefon WP 600 times in the onset season. , plus 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, every 7 ~ l0 days 1 consecutive 2 or 3 times. The disease was found to be cut off in time to bring deep field burial, and spray 20% Fucic Myclobutanil WP 2000 times, or 40% bacteriocin net 600 to 800 times, or 20% Triadimefon EC 1 000 times Liquid, once every 5 to 7 days, 2 consecutive times.
(3) To consolidate anthrax:
Control methods:
1. Strengthen fertilizer and water management. In the use of fertilizer, adequate base fertilizer, appropriate top dressing; in water, according to compaction of different growth periods, do moderately moderate, water temperature, water to adjust fertilizer, improve plant resistance.
2, do a good job in field cleaning. Remove the diseased leaves in time and bring them out of the field to burn or deep.
3, chemical control. Can be used 50% protection work wettable powder 1000 to 1500 times, or 25% to 100 g EC 800 to 1000 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, or 10% Shihuo water dispersible granules 1 500 to 2000 times liquid spray or pouring water, once every 7 days, continuous 2-3 times.
2. Pests
(1) Lonicera japonica: Chironomidae is a dipteran chironomidae.
Control methods:
1, removal of insects floating leaf, concentrated burned or buried.
2. The insect can spread long distances with seedlings and indigenous stems, and it is forbidden to introduce from areas where the insects are present.
3. When a floating leaf is found to have an insect tract, spray 35% ovary net emulsion 1500 times, or 50% fly larvae powder 2000 times, or 40% sibutramine 1500 times, or 50% insect killer wettability. Powder 600 times, or 80% dichlorvos EC 800 to 1000 times.
(2) Lotus overflow pipe worm: It belongs to Homoptera.
Control methods:
1. Make sure to grow into pieces and avoid planting flowers.
2. Remove aquatic plants such as green leepes and duckweed in time to reduce the number of insect populations.
3, chemical control. Because the locusts reproduce quickly, but also in the unfolded leaves and young petioles, the drug adhesion is difficult, so the choice of drugs should be able to touch, kill, fumigation triple effect is better. 50% anti-inferior wettable powder 2000 to 3000 times liquid, or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500 to 2000 times liquid, or 70% Irvine water dispersant 20000 to 30000 times liquid, or 20% extinction Emulsifiable concentrates are 2000 to 4000 times liquid, or 5% lefluxin EC 4000-5000 times.
(3) Spodoptera litura: is a Lepidoptera noctuidae. Alias ​​lotus moth, lotus pattern night moth.
Control methods:
1, artificial capture. Grasp the spawning period and the newly hatched larvae's centralized feeding habits, combined with field management, remove the damaged lotus leaves of egg masses and newly hatched larvae, pack into clumps and stuff them into the mud and suffocate.
2, with Yang branches, black light, sweet and sour drinks, sexual attractants and other adult traps.
3, chemical control. Grasp the drug application at the stage of spotting of the first instar larvae and control it before and after the evening. It can use 2000~3000 times of 24% content of suspension agent, or 20% of 1000-1200 times of octachlor emulsifiable concentrate, or 5% of US 5,000 times of emulsifiable concentrate, or 5% of taiyuan emulsifiable concentrate. , Or 20% of the rice full suspension agent l000-1500 times, or 10% Divided 1500 times the suspension agent, or 5% stuck 1000 ~ 1500 times emulsion solution.
(4) Rootworm: A Coleoptera leaf beetle. Alias ​​long-legged water leaf A, rice root leaf A, rice food rootworm, food root aphid, water borer. Adults and larvae can harm the young stems, leaves and roots of the rammed nymphs, and the spots are black-brown spots. The wounds can easily cause the bacteria to invade and cause rot and make the plants grow poorly.
Control methods:
1, the implementation of flood and drought rotation. The heavy crops of C. edulis were replanted with 1 to 2 years of dry crops, or the field was drained in winter.
2. Remove field weeds, especially eye dishes and duckweed, to reduce adult feeding and spawning sites.
3, combined with the whole field, application of insecticide. In mid-April to early May, 50 kg of lime per mu, or 15 to 20 kg of tea seed powder per mu, or 2.5 to 3 kg of 3% Hercules granules per mu, or 50 per mu, will be planted. % of phoxim granules 2.5 to 3 kg and properly ploughed. If 10-15 kg of ammonium sulfate is applied per acre, the effect is better.
4, in the adult stage of pesticide application control. The use of 25% insecticidal water doubler 500 times, or 2.5% dichlorfon l 500 to 2000 times, or 90% trichlorfon crystal 800 times, or 80% dichlorvos 1000 times, or 48% Loester emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times.
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