Hybrid fruit hazelnut cultivation techniques

Hazel tree is an important tree species of dried fruit economic forest. Its nut hazelnut is rich in nutrients and has a good taste. The market is in short supply. However, currently, the production of hazelnuts in China is still in a wild state. The output is low, and the number of insects is small. The artificial cultivation of hazel trees in foreign countries has a long history. Ouyang produced developed countries such as Turkey, Italy, Spain, and the United States, and has achieved intensive management with high output, large scale and thin skin. Although Ozawa has been introduced to China, it is not tolerant to cold, it cannot be wintered in winter, and it cannot be cultivated in the north. In order to change the wild state of hazelnut production, Ma Ganglin Farm in Xinchengzi District, Shenyang City, from 1990 to 1992, introduced the hybrid fruit hazelnuts from the Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry, which is a new fine variety obtained from the cross between Ping Hazel and European hazelnuts. Multiple strains were planted with 0.67 hm?2,700 strains. After 10 years of trial cultivation, most strains can safely pass winter, normal growth and development, normal flowering results, and successful introduction tests. To this end, the State Forestry Administration formally approved the large area of ​​Magang Forest Farm in 1999.

Development of hybrid hazelnuts as a model for hybrid cultivation of hazelnuts in northern China. Through 10 years of introduction test and 4 years of production and development, we have initially explored and accumulated the experience and technical measures of artificial cultivation of hybrid hazelnuts. ?

1 Growth and development habits?

(1) Hybrid hazelnuts are deciduous large shrubs or small trees, 3 to 4 m high, bark grayish brown or brown, without gloss

One-year-old branches are gray-brown or brownish-brown. The male flowers are usually 2-9 in general, and the upper part of the middle shoots of the new shoots are arranged in order. The stem length is 3-6 cm. Female flowers are head-shaped, open at the top of the mixed buds, and stick out with a pink or bright red stigma. A multi-fruit sequence, nuts oblate or oval, nuts average fruit weight 2 ~ 2.5 g. The nuts are full, smoother, better in flavor and quality. ?

(2) Roots: Hybrid hazelnuts are shallow rooted trees, without main roots, with well-developed lateral roots. The roots of the hybrid hazel are slender and dense. The roots are distributed in 5-40 cm soil, and the depth is 60-80 cm or even 1 m. The roots easily generate adventitious buds, forming multiple roots and clusters, crude 0.2 ~ 0.3cm. ?

(3) Buds: divided into leaf buds, flower buds, basal buds. Germination of leaf buds can form vegetative shoots and resultant mother shoots. The flower buds are female flower buds mixed and placed in the upper part of the resulting mother shoots. The flower buds can be opened first and the resulting branches can be germinated, and no fruit set can form vegetative shoots. The basal buds grow at the base of the clustered shoots, at the junction of stems and roots, and can germinate into basal shoots. ?

(4) Branch: Divided into vegetative branches, resulting mother branches, fruiting branches, basal branches. Only 1-year-old shoots had buds and no flower buds were called vegetative shoots; flower buds and leaf buds were called mother shoots, and flower buds germinated to form fruity branches at the top of the branches; basal shoots were clustered and germinated from the base of the trees to form shrubs. ?

(5) Leaf: After sprouting, the leaves are successively expanded and grow up as the shoots grow. The formation of buds is closely related to the internal nutrition of the shoots and external environmental conditions. Buds are the basis for the growth and development of new shoots. Their quality is good or bad, and they have a strong influence on the new shoots. ?

(6) Phenophase (annual life cycle): Ma Gang Lin Farm, located in the north of Shenyang City, latitude 42 degrees north, frost-free period more than 150 d. After many years of observation, the phenological period is: in late March, the sap begins to flow. It blooms in mid-April, matures in late August, leaves in late October, and enters dormancy in mid-November. ?

(7) Flowering: Hybrid female hazelnuts are male and female with the same unisexual flower. Male flowers are catkins, 2-9 are arranged in a group, and they are born in the middle and upper leaves of new shoots. The male inflorescence is cylindrical, with many flowers on it, yellow pollen and wind media. The female flowers are head-shaped inflorescences. They are born in mixed shoots at the middle and upper parts of the 1-year-old branches and at the top. When flowering, a bunch of stigmas sticks out from the top of the flower buds, bright red or pink, and the stigma turns black and wilts after pollination. ?

(8) Result: Hybrid hazelnuts formed flower buds with strong branches at the early fruit stage, and flower buds were formed in the top, top and top of the strong buds. With the increase of tree age, the accumulation of nutrients increased, and the vigorous growth of the mother tree resulted in the reduction of the mother branches, and many short branches and clustered short branches were generated instead, and the majority of these short branches formed the resulting mother branches. Female flower buds can form fruiting branches when they are opened, fruiting at the top of fruiting branches, flowering, and fruit ripening. ?

(9) Life cycle?

Sapling stage: from the time of planting the seedlings of the year to the beginning of the sapling stage, it is characterized by a more vigorous growth and development after the seedlings are sown, and the growth of new shoots is increased. After four years of development and practice, water and fertilizer conditions are good, management is meticulous, and results can be achieved in 3 years, with a certain amount of production. 3 to 4 years for the young tree period. ?

Initial fruit period: From the first result to the beginning of a large number of results, the initial fruit period, usually 5 to 6 years. During this period, branches should be promoted to expand, that is, the tree is robust, and the crown width is increased. As a result, the number of branches and branches is increased, and water and fertilizer conditions can greatly increase production. In the early fruit period, 7-8 years were the initial period of fruiting. During this period, the tree was robust and the crown was large. As a result, the number of branches increased greatly, and the high-yield tree had been established. ?

Fruit period: 9 to 40 years as the result of the prosperous period, in the latter part of the period, in order to solve the problem of strong young years, depending on the growth and development of hazel, solid state, can take group rotation, update rejuvenation measures. ?

Aging update period: 40 to 50 years. During this period, rotation and rejuvenation measures can be taken to maximize the yield. ?

2 Economic benefits and suitable cultivation area?

2.1 Nut Features and Benefits?

The hybrid hazelnut has the characteristics of large size, high yield and thin skin. It overcomes the weakness of hazelnut not to be cold and taste inferior to that of wild hazelnut. It also has the characteristics of wild hazelnut that is cold and cold, and has the flavor of wild hazelnut. It overcomes the Wild hazelnuts have a small, thick skin, low yields, and many bugs. Hybrid hazelnuts are rich in nutrients. Hazelnuts contain fats (51.4% to 66.4%), proteins (14% to 25%), carbohydrates (6.6%), and vitamins C and E. They have good flavor and are people's favorite dried fruit. The average fruit weight of hybrid hazelnuts is 1.5 to 2 times that of wild hazelnuts, and the yield per unit area is 6 to 7 times that of wild hazelnuts. ?

The yield of hybrid hazelnuts is calculated after 6 years into a large number of fruiting periods. The average yield of 667 m?2 can reach 100-125 kg, and the high yield can reach more than 150 kg. The income per 667 m?2 can reach 2 500-3 000 yuan. Because it is a one-time planting, benefiting for many years, and technical management is not difficult and easy to operate, it is a good project for farmers to adjust their industrial structure and make their family rich. It is also a good project for foreign exchange for export. The hybrid hazelnut is a large shrub with the ecological benefits of windbreak and sediment fixation. In summary, hybrid hazelnuts have broad prospects for development. ?

2.2 Hybrid hazelnut suitable cultivation area?

After 10 years of experiments and 4 years of development and production practices, hybrid hazelnuts have the characteristics of being cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, and can resist temperatures of -30 to -32°C. Therefore, the mountains, flat lands, sandy lands, and well-drained areas in the north of the Yellow River and in the three northern regions of China can be planted within a range of 42°N. Latitude 43° north can be tested. The specific regions are: Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Tianjin, Beijing, Liaoning and other provinces. Some areas in Heilongjiang and Jilin can be tested. ?

3 cultivation techniques?

3.1 The choice of fine varieties and strains?

After 10 years of trials and 4 years of development and production practices, more than 30 hybrid hazelnut lines in our field have the characteristics of cold resistance and high yield. Most of the lines can safely pass winter. Their common features are: (1) Nuts Large, skin, single fruit weight 2 ~ 2.5 g, 40% ~ 50% of the kernel rate, good flavor, better than the imported O. mirifica; (2) high yield, single fruit yield per fruit more than 1.5 ~ 2 kg; (3 ) Strong cold resistance. In 1999, the first batch of appraisal products were named: Pingdinghuang (80-43), Thin Shell Red (82-4), Dawei (84-254), Jinling (84-263), and Jade Pendant (84-310). ). 3.2 Seedlings?

After many years of experimentation and production practices, hybrid seedlings of hazelnuts can only be bred by asexual reproduction, and they are called "upright pressing method". Grafting and cutting can not be used for production basically. ?

3.3 Hybrid Hazelnut Garden?

(1) Planning and selection of land: The establishment of a hazelnut garden is a century-long project that will be planted for many years to benefit, and it must first be planned, including the location, area, seedlings, the establishment of protective forest land, annual construction plans, and organization and implementation. In accordance with the appropriate tree selection principle, hybrid hazelnuts are hi-light tree species, and their suitability is relatively strong. The slightly alkaline and neutral soils with soil pH of 6 to 8 are appropriate, hillside land (below slope of 15°), flat land and sandy land. Well-drained site conditions can be planted. However, the soil is rich and fertile, the water conditions are good, the hazelnuts grow well, and the sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes with deep and fertile soil layers on the gentle slopes are much stronger. Hazel trees are not resistant to water, squatting, high groundwater levels, and soils are not suitable for building gardens. ?

(2) Land preparation in advance: To ensure the quality of the construction of the park and improve the survival rate, on the basis of selecting the land, it is necessary to dig the pits in advance and finish it in the autumn one year before planting. Pit diameter 70 ~ 80 cm, depth 60 ~ 70 cm, each pit 25 kg of fertilization farmyard fertilizer, put some straw, topsoil backfill. ?

(3) Planting density: The planting distance of the hazel tree is generally not less than 3 m, and the maximum is not more than 6 m. However, considering the early high-yield, the planting density may be appropriate. Two types of densities are proposed below. Planted in triangles, squares and rectangles. a. Early high yield density: 2 m × 3 m, 110 plants per 667 m? 2; 2 m × 2 m, 166 plants per 667 m? These two densities are to be adjusted with pruning when the canopy closure affects growth and yield. ?

b. Medium density: 3 m × 4 m, 54 plants per 667 m2; 3 m × 3 m, 74 plants per 667 m2. (4) Configuration of pollination tree: Hazel tree is a cross-pollination plant. Pollination among varieties can increase the fruit setting rate. The new park can be planted with 4 to 5 different varieties of lines to pollinate each other. Hazel trees are pollinators. In order to ensure fruit set, artificial pollination must be adopted. ?

(5) Selection of good seedlings: In view of the fact that hybrid hazelnuts are vegetatively propagated, seedlings are bred by the sticking method. The seedling quality is somewhat uneven. Therefore, new gardens must be planted with first-class seedlings, with no less than 20 lateral roots, 0.5-0.6 cm diameter, 70-80 cm seedling height, good lignification, no pests and diseases, and seedlings can significantly improve survival. And production, planting a garden. ?

(6) Planting time: From early April to mid-April. Roots of seedlings before planting were soaked with rooting powder for 24 h. When planting, the seedlings will be placed in the middle of the hole, the root system will be stretched, and the seedlings will be lightly raised to make the root system and the soil closely connected. The planting depth is not more than 3 to 4 cm above the diameter of the seedlings, and it cannot be planted deep. After planting, the soil around the seedlings is planted, irrigated with water, and then covered with mulch to prevent evaporation of water, increase ground temperature, and increase the survival rate. ?

(7)Drying: After the planting, dry it, divide it into single-dry shape and plexiform shape. Soil and fertilizer water conditions are good as a single stem tree shape, set the height of 60 ~ 70 cm; otherwise it should be clustered tree shape, set the height of 30 ~ 40 cm, there must be enough full buds, retain 6 to 7. The seedlings planted in the past should be strengthened with water and fertilizer management to make them grow and develop robustly, sprout a certain number of shoots, have good lignification and prevent leggy. After falling leaves in autumn, it is necessary to carry out earth-cultivation and cold-proofing. In late spring, the cold soil is used to prevent cold, and generally it is not necessary to protect the cold in the first 2 years. ?

(8) Set up hazelnut shelter forest. The Hazelnut Garden, like other fruit trees, must be equipped with orchards to reduce the damage caused by wind and cold damage to hazel trees. Setting principle: In the forest protection zone, the protective efficiency of the hazelnut garden is planned within 20 to 25 times the protection benefit of the forest. Generally, 6?7 hm?2 is used as a square. The main forest belt is perpendicular to the main wind direction. The main zone is 4-6 rows of trees, poplar trees, hedgehogs, etc., each side of the forest belt is planted with a row of shrubs, and the tree species are Amorpha fruticosa. Vice forest with 2 ~ 3 rows planted trees. To build hazelnut gardens in the plains and sandy areas, we must plan to design a square design forest belt, and the mountainous areas should be set up according to local conditions. Before the construction of the park, it is best to establish shelter belts and plant trees. The specific requirements can be implemented according to the requirements of fruit tree shelterbelts. ?

4 Hazelnut Garden Management

4.1 Trim pruning?

Pruning is an important measure to promote the early fruit and early high yield of hazel trees. It is divided into winter cuts and summer cuts. The winter shearing is carried out before the leaves of the late spring and after the deciduous shoots are sprouted, and it is suitable from February to March. The general principle of pruning saplings is: lightly cut the appropriate short cuts, promote branches to expand the crown, increase the number of branches, expand the crown, and cultivate trees. ?

a. Cluster shape, the plant has no obvious trunk, usually extends around, retain 3 to 4 main branches, there are lateral branches on the main branch, vegetative branches on the side branches, resulting mother branches, the result branches, the tree was plexiform natural Happy-looking, tree height 2.5 to 3 m. In the first year, planting seedlings were planted with a height of 20 to 30 cm, and 3 to 4 of them were selected as main branches in different positions. In the second year, 3 to 4 main branches were selected for light and short cuts. Reselect to leave 2 to 3 lateral branches and short cuts; in the 3rd year, continue to shortly select the remaining branch of the main lateral branch to form a canopy. The lychee was not pruned; in the fourth year, the extension branches of each side branch continued to be shortened, and the crown was further expanded. ?

b. Single stem shape: There is a trunk in the tree, 40 to 50 cm in height, and 3 to 4 main branches in the trunk, staggered in orientation. The main branch leaves lateral branches, and the lateral branches grow on the side branches and the resulting branch branches, forming a dwarf natural happy shape, with a height of 3 to 4 m. After the first year of planting, it will be dried and dried 50-60 cm high;

Three to four main branches with different orientations, light and short cuts for each main branch, length of cuts 1/3, and full shoots left for cuts; for the third year, 2 to 3 per main branch Lateral branches, light and short cuts. The main branches of the extension branch also light and short cut, so that it tends to grow above the inner litchi can not be cut; the fourth year to continue the main branches of the main branch of the extension of the short cut, expand the crown. ?

Sapling extension of the main side of the tree light and short cut, cut the length of branches 1/3. Fruit trees, depending on the growth and development of hazelnuts, will be pruned. Generally, the length of the prolonged branch of the short main branch will be 1/3, and new branches will be constantly promoted. Litchi chinensis, with the exception of disease, larvae, and very weak branchlets, is not pruned, cultivating the resulting mother twigs, and does not trim the mean tree branches and short branches. ?
Summer pruning: After germination, it is carried out before deciduous, from May to July. Mainly topping, pulling branches, in addition to sprouting. Topping can regulate vegetative growth, promote lignification, control shoot length, and promote more flower bud formation. Pulling branches is mainly to increase the crown light, promote more flower bud formation. In addition to sprouting, all the buds under the tree are removed, reducing the nutrient consumption of the tree. ?
4.2 The purpose of soil management is to continuously expand the living soil layer, improve soil physical and chemical properties, and increase soil fertility. Mainly include weeding, loose soil, deep turning, expanding the hole planing tree tray, fertilizer application, pressure green fertilizer and so on. During saplings, intercropping short crops such as beans, peanuts, etc., combined with the field management of crops, cultivating and weeding the hazel trees 3-4 times, so that weeds do not occur. Expanding the hole and plowing the tree tray is an important soil management measure. It is carried out in spring and summer. The depth is 5 to 10 cm, and it is shallow and deep outside the base of the trunk. It removes all root weeds and weeds from the roots and promotes the extension of the root system to the soil. . In the autumn, the farmer's manure was applied to deepen the hole. 4.3 Fertilization Reasonable fertilization is one of the important measures to promote the growth and early high yield of hazel. At the same time, it can increase soil fertility, increase organic matter content, promote healthy tree growth, promote flower bud differentiation, reduce falling and fruiting, increase yield, and prevent Size year. During the entire growth and development process of hazel, ammonia, phosphorus, and potassium are the main nutrients, and farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers must be properly matched. The fertilization of farmyard manure is the main method for fertilization in the fall, and the fertilizer is the compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Autumn farmhouse manure, carried out in September to October, determines the amount of fertilizer for the age of the tree. Generally, one plant fertilizes 20 to 25 kg, and the result is to increase the amount of fertilization. Compound fertilizer, fertilization time, the first time in early April, the second time in late June, to combine watering. Fertilizer amount, saplings (within 4 years of age), planting 150-400 g, increasing the fertilizing amount with a large tree age. Fertilization methods are circular fertilization and radiation trench fertilization. Fertilizer in circular form, with a certain distance from the trunk, evenly spread fertilizer, 5 to 10 cm deep, covered with soil; radiation fertilization, digging radiation from a certain distance from the trunk, groove width 20 ~ 30 cm, depth 10 ~ 15 cm. ?
4.4 Irrigation According to the moisture and soil requirements of the phenology period of the hazel tree, the management of the water during the young tree is strengthened, the seedlings of the year are planted, the soil moisture is ensured, and the survival rate is improved. During the growth period of hazel tree, it can be irrigated 3 to 4 times a year. Before deciduous, the frozen water should be sealed before freezing to prevent winter drought and evaporation of soil moisture. In early spring, from March to April, the root water is pumped to promote underground root activity, and maintain the dynamic balance with the plant water on the ground, that is, the sap on the ground and underground activities at the same time, to prevent the spring breeze, drought, evaporation, resulting in pumping. Watering of the young fruit during the expansion period, from late May to early June, promotes the expansion of young fruit, but it must be drained in time. ?
4.5 Diseases and Insect Pest Control Hybrid hazelnuts have fewer pests and diseases. Pests are mainly insects. The disease is mainly powdery mildew. ?
The adult worms eat the tender shoots, young leaves, and tender shoots, make the leaves become pinholes, and the tender shoots are incomplete. The breakage of shoots affects the growth and development of shoots. The larvae harm the kernels, drill holes in the green shells, cause wormholes, and feed nuts. Chemical control: In adult replenishment period and early spawning period before spawning, from mid-May to early July, 60% of DM mixture was used to kill adult worms with 0.33% solution and sprayed 2 to 3 times with an interval of 15 days. ?
Powdery mildew: In the early stages of leaf disease, there are no obvious maculas in the upper and lower leaves. Soon, the macula grows white powder, resulting in yellowing of the leaves, dry and lumber, poor lignification, weak growth, and vulnerability to freezing injury. Chemical control, from early May to early June, spray 50% carbendazim WP 0.1% to 0.167% solution, or 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 0.1% to 0.125% solution, the effect is better.

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