Application and research progress of anti-parasitic veterinary drugs

Parasitic diseases can occur at all stages of the animal breeding process. Animals of different breeds, different ages, and genders can be infected by parasitic diseases. In the past, due to its inapparent symptoms, it did not cause acute death and other reasons. This type of disease did not attract enough attention, resulting in widespread spread of parasites and causing great harm to the aquaculture industry.

With the raising of the concept of breeding, people gradually pay attention to the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases, and began to use albendazole, ivermectin and other drugs for prevention and treatment. However, with the widespread application and irrational application of these antiparasitic drugs, resistant strains have emerged all over the world. The resistant strains not only invalidate the original drug treatment, but also have similar structure or mechanism of action. Drugs produce cross-resistance, making it extremely difficult to control parasitic diseases.

First, the main types of anti-parasitic Chinese medicine

The extensive and profound medical science of the motherland has accumulated a lot of valuable wealth for us. The following table summarizes and summarizes common deworming Chinese medicines:

Second, the main prescription of anti-parasitic Chinese medicine

1. Wanying Powder Rhubarb 60 grams, 30 grams of betel nut, 30 grams of tartary buckwheat, 30 grams of saponin, black ugly 30 grams, 20 grams of Lei Wan, 10 grams of incense, 15 grams of woody. Fang Zhonglei Pills, bitter locust skin insecticides as the main drug; rhubarb, betel nut, black ugly, saponins under attack diarrhea, but also insecticide, as an adjuvant; woody, incense temperature in the line for the adjuvant; use together It has the effect of attacking and killing insects. However, the prescription of this party is fierce, and the attack is extremely strong. Pregnant animals and infirm persons must be used with caution.

2. Insects scattered Sanhe 30 grams, 30 grams of the gentleman, 30 grams of betel nut, Poria 30 grams, 30 grams of Lei Wan, Guanzhong 60 grams, fried Ginger 15 grams, system Aconite 15 grams, 30 grams of ebony, Poria Flesh 30 grams, 30 grams of rhubarb, one hundred 30 grams, 25 grams of woody, with the role of driving off the attack of insects, can be used to drive gastrointestinal parasites.

3. Liver Poria Powder by Su Mu 30g, Nutmeg 20g, Poria 30g, Ma Ma Hengzhong 45g, Gentian 30g, Mutong 20g, Liquorice 20g, Magnolia 20g, Alisma 20 30 grams of betel nut and betel nut have the effect of repelling insects, water, and invigorating the spleen, which is mainly used for the treatment of cattle and sheep liver fluke.

4. Guanzhong Powder consists of 60 grams of Guanzhong, 30 grams of Gentleman, 30 grams of Hebi, 30 grams of Chinese wolfberry, 40 grams of rhubarb, 15 grams of bitter wolfberry, and 30 grams of betel nut. The efficacy of the parasites, in particular, has a significant effect on the botulinum botulinum.

Third, Chinese medicine prevention and treatment

(A) Advantages

Compared with Western medicines, Chinese medicines have the advantages of safety, environmental protection, and resistance to drug resistance. Traditional medicines for the treatment of ectoparasites, such as “trichlorfon” and others, are highly toxic drugs and cannot be used for the prevention and treatment of parasites in aquatic animals. Traditional Chinese medicines meet the above requirements and can adapt to people’s low toxicity to agricultural products. Low residual public health requirements, so it has a certain application prospects in the prevention and control of aquatic animal parasites.

In addition, the overuse of anti-parasitic western medicines, single use, etc. caused the prevalence of drug-resistant strains, especially the pandemic of chicken coccidiosis. The traditional western medicine can no longer completely eliminate the coccidiosis in chickens. Traditional Chinese medicine, due to its multiple targets, multiple active ingredients, and multiple pathways, is not likely to produce resistance to insects. In contrast, Artemisia annua L., Pulsatilla chinensis and other drugs can also inhibit the resistance of drug-resistant strains, so it is often used in combination with traditional western medicines such as sulfa anticoccidial drugs and artemisia annua, in order to achieve the goal of completely eliminating coccidia.

(b) Disadvantages

Anti-parasitic Chinese medicine betel nut, Lei Wan, Bo back back, etc. have certain toxicity, restricting its application in practice. In addition, traditional insect repellents are often added with some purgatives to promote gastrointestinal parasite efflux, resulting in inconvenience in their use on pregnant animals and weak animals. In addition, because the relevant research is not deep enough, the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions is slow, and there is no quick effect of western medicine, which is also the main reason that restricts its wide application.

IV. Insecticidal mechanism and research progress of antiparasitic drugs

(I) Insecticide mechanism

The currently developed anti-parasitic Chinese medicine can directly act on parasites (paralysis, killing parasites, decompose parasite proteins, block nutrient absorption pathways, inhibit parasite energy metabolism, etc.) to suppress and kill parasites. In addition, the body of the worm can be excreted through a strong diarrhea attack. At the same time, the immune system can also be used to improve the immunity of the body to eliminate parasites.

The ethanol extract of Tartary Buckwheat has an anesthetic effect on Ascaris suum, especially on the head of the aphid in vitro. The effective component of Scutellarin is stronger than Tartary Buckwheat Extract. Chuanxiongsu is paralyzed by swine mites at high concentrations. It has obvious stimulant effects on swine mites at low concentrations and can cause severe contractions that can disrupt the energy metabolism of the parasites and prevent the parasites from adhering to the intestinal wall. The main site of action of Scutellarin is aphid head neurons.

The water soluble part of the extract of C. chinensis has a paralysis effect on the aphids, and the effective component is a potent potassium salt with a high insect repellent effect, and when the concentration is high, the aphid has the effect of being excited first and then paralyzed.

Arecoline is an effective component of the betel nut aphid, which has a strong paralysis effect on all parts of the pork aphid. The role of the beef aphid is only the paralysis of the head and immature section. Affected soft, but not fully paralyzed, the effect is poor. Betel nut has a strong paralysis effect on hookworms, hookworms, and aphids.

In vitro tests have shown that Lei Pill extract can kill aphid segments. Its role is due to proteases in Lei Pui decomposing worm proteins and destroying parasites.

The pumpkin seed acetone extract cucurbitine can inhibit the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum, but it can prevent, but it can not kill the adult schistosomiasis in mice. It can only make the hermaphrodite atrophy, degeneration of reproductive organs and the number of eggs in the uterus. cut back. The pumpkin seed decoction can make the middle and back sections of the burdock thin and wide, and the middle part after the festival is sunken and paralyzed. The head and the immature segments can move freely.

Artemisia annua extract had effects on phosphorylase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase in Schistosoma japonicum. Artemether can increase the activity of schistosomiasis phosphorylase, decompose the glycogen of the worm, and inhibit lactate dehydrogenase, so that the lactic acid of the final product of glycolysis is significantly reduced, thereby achieving the purpose of killing insects.

It has also been reported that artemisinin has a chemical structure called hydrogen peroxide bridge. After being decomposed by iron ions, it forms active free radicals and can attack a series of proteins and other biological molecules to kill malaria parasites. the goal of.

(B) Research progress

Due to the slower onset of traditional Chinese medicine and the unclear insecticidal mechanism, the scope of application in animal production is small. At present, the drugs that have entered the mature application stage are applied to animals in addition to the previously mentioned deworming powder and Guanzhong powder. In addition to feed, only traditional Chinese medicine such as Artemisia annua L. and Pulsatilla chinensis has been used in the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis, and some traditional Chinese medicines with relatively weak toxic effects have been used for the treatment of aquatic animal parasites. There are the following reports on the research related to anti-parasites of traditional Chinese medicine:

Wei Yingyi, etc. to freshly collected large leafhoppers, broom sticks, tobacco juice, according to the ratio of 1:1:2 composition of liquid for the treatment of piglet rickets treatment effect, the results show that homemade Chinese herbal medicine for the disease efficacy Good, and the effect of trichlorfon on conventional drugs is not significant, demonstrating that this drug has many advantages such as safe use, wide source of raw materials, and low cost.

Guo Yun et al. applied self-immobilized insect dispersant (Bitter wolfberry fruit, Coptis chinensis, ebony, etc.) to observe the effect of repelling intestinal parasites in mice. The results demonstrated that the same treatment effect as metronidazole can be achieved with a smaller dose of decoction. , And can completely clear the intestinal parasites in mice.

Qi Jingwei et al. extracted alkaloids from Sophora flavescens and observed its effects on gastrointestinal parasite removal in mice. The results showed that oxymatrine, sophoridine, and flavescens decoction all gastrointestinal parasites in mice. Clearly clear.

Feng Yugui reported that the external ginkgo seed coat and Phyllostachys praecox could be used for the treatment of fish finger dung beetles, third-generation insects, and schistosomiasis, and camphor, Croton and Yangui mixture could be used for the treatment of fishes, caterpillars, small melons, and trichoderma. Parasitic diseases caused by sporozoites, buckwheat bark can be used to treat fish with cryptosporidosis and anchor head lice, so that the "quick killing spirit" consisting of gentleman, phleboten, thyme, and ginkgo biloba outer skin "The above-mentioned fish parasitic diseases can be comprehensively prevented and treated, and they have low toxicity, low residue, and safety and reliability.

Liao Xiaoying reports that the large leafhopper, bitter buckwheat leaves and black cilantro leaf 1:1:1 fried water medicinal bath is used for camel worms, monkeys, deer parasitic fleas and fleas, once a day, once every 3 days, microscopic examination of aphids is negative, the effect is good .

Liu Yongju et al. reported that Chinese herbal medicines Changshan, Bupleurum, Artemisia annua, rhubarb, etc. were made into a decoction at a certain ratio for Eimeria chicken coccidia with an anticoccidial index of 187.8. The mechanism was directly controlled by Changshan and Artemisia annua. In parasites, rhubarb is anti-inflammatory and slows down and promotes the expulsion of worms and oocysts.

V. Outlook

Although there are some drawbacks and deficiencies in the current veterinary drugs for animal parasitic diseases, with the continuous deepening of research and the continuous improvement of the extraction process, disadvantages such as slow onset of action and unclear action mechanism of Chinese veterinary drugs will be further compensated. At the same time, people are strongly calling for green and healthy agricultural products. The country has also issued corresponding policies to promote the development of Chinese veterinary drug industry, and will develop new anti-parasitic veterinary drug products such as arecoline, nelumbum umbellatus, and hyodocoumarins. Into the 11th Five-Year National Science and Technology Support Program for funding research. It can be expected that the new and highly effective anti-parasitic veterinary drug product will have a good application prospect.

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