Dairy cows are high-producing animals. Under the premise of ensuring the full price balance of nutrition, we must strive to diversify the variety of feeds and provide good palatability, but we must not add too much concentrate to the pursuit of milk production. The diets generally consist of 3 to 4 types of green roughage (hay, hay, silage, etc.) and 3 to 4 types of concentrates. The main points of feeding at each physiological stage are as follows:
Dry period (dried milk to 15 days before delivery)
Objective: To stop the lactation of the cows as early as possible, and return the breasts to normal. For this reason, try not to feed the green and blue succulent feeds and auxiliary materials under the precondition of meeting the nutritional needs of the cows. The diet should be based on roughage, and the appropriate fiber intake should be maintained. On the basis of a certain amount of fine material, the amount of fine material is adjusted according to the quality and condition of the coarse material, generally 3 to 4 kg. The ratio of refined to roughage is 25:75, and the weight of dietary material should be 2.0% to 2.5%. For cows with thin body condition, the nutritional level of the diet can be appropriately increased, especially for energy feeds, and high-quality raw materials can be added. Body-weighted cows can limit the amount of concentrate and increase the input of medium-quality coarse material, but pay attention to the balance of minerals.
Perinatal period (before delivery to 15 days after delivery)
The dietary dry matter should account for 2.5% to 3% of the body weight, and the ratio of refined to roughage should be 40:60. During the 15 to 34 days before delivery, the intake of food is low, but the required nutrients increase due to the rapid increase of the fetus. Therefore, the feed concentration should be increased to increase the supply of protein and energy. One week before birth, according to the appetite slowly increase the amount of concentrate feed, increase 0.5 kg per day, so that the rumen adapt to postpartum high-preg material feed, mainly to high-quality raw materials, prenatal week intramuscular injection of vitamin D3, 15 ml / head, And strengthen the exercise to increase light to prevent postpartum placental infections and sputum and other diseases; use low-calcium diets before birth, no food mutations, control salt feed, after delivery, should be fed with bran soup (Bran 1 kg 2 kg of brown sugar, 100 g of minerals, and 10 to 15 kg of warm water) to relieve calving fatigue and moisture loss during childbirth, and to prevent the retention of fetal tissue. For normal and healthy litter cattle, they should allow them to freely eat hay and try to avoid feeding too much corn silage; from the 4th day after delivery, with the concentrate increasing by 0.5 kg per day, the cows will be allowed to live within 11 days. , The daily feed intake amounted to 10 kg, which not only slowed the weight loss of the delivery cows within 15 days after delivery, but also promoted the production of milk; it was forbidden to feed the auxiliary materials, the root materials and the green materials, with high quality Materials and concentrates dominate. According to the gradual increase in appetite concentrates, increase 0.25 kilograms per day, to master the ratio of fine to coarse 55:45, shall not exceed 60:40.
Early lactation (16 to 100 days after delivery)
The milk production in the early stage of lactation is increased, so that the milk is taken away from the material, and milk production no longer rises or appetite is full. The crude-to-coarse ratio gradually transitions from about 55:45 to about 60:40, but it must not exceed 60:40, and the dietary dry matter accounts for more than 3.5% of the body weight. During this period, the highest yield was achieved, but the peak of cattle's food intake came later, so there was a period of negative nutrition and physical decline. During this period, it is necessary to produce and physique. For this reason, all feeds should be selected for quality, especially coarse and fine materials. According to the gradual increase in appetite concentrate. However, the increase of concentrates should not exceed 0.5 kg per day to prevent ruminal acidosis. During this period, vitamins and trace elements should be added, and buffers such as baking soda should be added to relieve some of the metabolic diseases brought about by high yields. The concentration of diet should be stable, emphasizing on the quality and quantity of protein, and appropriate supply of by-products, roots and green materials. The total amount of the three feeds should not exceed 40 kg/head/day. Put rough materials and mineral salts in the playground, and provide adequate and clean drinking water inside and outside.
Mid lactation (101 to 200 days after childbirth)
During this period, on the one hand, the milk production of most dairy cows began to gradually decline. On the other hand, the appetite of dairy cows was strong and the intake reached a peak. Therefore, this stage should be based on milk production, weight, weekly or every other week to adjust the amount of fine feed, and gradually reach the ratio of 40:60 sperm, rough ratio. Dietary dry matter accounts for 3% to 3.2% of body weight. The management focuses on ensuring adequate drinking water, strengthening exercise, and proper milking methods and breast massage.
Late lactation (210 to 305 days after childbirth)
During the middle and late lactation period, most cows have become pregnant. Due to placental hormones and luteinizing hormones, the amount of milk produced begins to drop significantly. This period should be adjusted once a week according to body weight and lactation. The diet should be based on roughage as much as possible, and the ratio of refined to roughage should be 30:70. Dietary dry matter accounts for 3% to 3.2% of body weight. In order to reduce the milk production rate, the body phlegm should be restored. The amount of feed should follow the milk production, that is, the nutritional level must always exceed the required amount. In the first half of dry milk, subclinical mastitis testing and treatment, while doing a good job related to fetal control.
Dry period (dried milk to 15 days before delivery)
Objective: To stop the lactation of the cows as early as possible, and return the breasts to normal. For this reason, try not to feed the green and blue succulent feeds and auxiliary materials under the precondition of meeting the nutritional needs of the cows. The diet should be based on roughage, and the appropriate fiber intake should be maintained. On the basis of a certain amount of fine material, the amount of fine material is adjusted according to the quality and condition of the coarse material, generally 3 to 4 kg. The ratio of refined to roughage is 25:75, and the weight of dietary material should be 2.0% to 2.5%. For cows with thin body condition, the nutritional level of the diet can be appropriately increased, especially for energy feeds, and high-quality raw materials can be added. Body-weighted cows can limit the amount of concentrate and increase the input of medium-quality coarse material, but pay attention to the balance of minerals.
Perinatal period (before delivery to 15 days after delivery)
The dietary dry matter should account for 2.5% to 3% of the body weight, and the ratio of refined to roughage should be 40:60. During the 15 to 34 days before delivery, the intake of food is low, but the required nutrients increase due to the rapid increase of the fetus. Therefore, the feed concentration should be increased to increase the supply of protein and energy. One week before birth, according to the appetite slowly increase the amount of concentrate feed, increase 0.5 kg per day, so that the rumen adapt to postpartum high-preg material feed, mainly to high-quality raw materials, prenatal week intramuscular injection of vitamin D3, 15 ml / head, And strengthen the exercise to increase light to prevent postpartum placental infections and sputum and other diseases; use low-calcium diets before birth, no food mutations, control salt feed, after delivery, should be fed with bran soup (Bran 1 kg 2 kg of brown sugar, 100 g of minerals, and 10 to 15 kg of warm water) to relieve calving fatigue and moisture loss during childbirth, and to prevent the retention of fetal tissue. For normal and healthy litter cattle, they should allow them to freely eat hay and try to avoid feeding too much corn silage; from the 4th day after delivery, with the concentrate increasing by 0.5 kg per day, the cows will be allowed to live within 11 days. , The daily feed intake amounted to 10 kg, which not only slowed the weight loss of the delivery cows within 15 days after delivery, but also promoted the production of milk; it was forbidden to feed the auxiliary materials, the root materials and the green materials, with high quality Materials and concentrates dominate. According to the gradual increase in appetite concentrates, increase 0.25 kilograms per day, to master the ratio of fine to coarse 55:45, shall not exceed 60:40.
Early lactation (16 to 100 days after delivery)
The milk production in the early stage of lactation is increased, so that the milk is taken away from the material, and milk production no longer rises or appetite is full. The crude-to-coarse ratio gradually transitions from about 55:45 to about 60:40, but it must not exceed 60:40, and the dietary dry matter accounts for more than 3.5% of the body weight. During this period, the highest yield was achieved, but the peak of cattle's food intake came later, so there was a period of negative nutrition and physical decline. During this period, it is necessary to produce and physique. For this reason, all feeds should be selected for quality, especially coarse and fine materials. According to the gradual increase in appetite concentrate. However, the increase of concentrates should not exceed 0.5 kg per day to prevent ruminal acidosis. During this period, vitamins and trace elements should be added, and buffers such as baking soda should be added to relieve some of the metabolic diseases brought about by high yields. The concentration of diet should be stable, emphasizing on the quality and quantity of protein, and appropriate supply of by-products, roots and green materials. The total amount of the three feeds should not exceed 40 kg/head/day. Put rough materials and mineral salts in the playground, and provide adequate and clean drinking water inside and outside.
Mid lactation (101 to 200 days after childbirth)
During this period, on the one hand, the milk production of most dairy cows began to gradually decline. On the other hand, the appetite of dairy cows was strong and the intake reached a peak. Therefore, this stage should be based on milk production, weight, weekly or every other week to adjust the amount of fine feed, and gradually reach the ratio of 40:60 sperm, rough ratio. Dietary dry matter accounts for 3% to 3.2% of body weight. The management focuses on ensuring adequate drinking water, strengthening exercise, and proper milking methods and breast massage.
Late lactation (210 to 305 days after childbirth)
During the middle and late lactation period, most cows have become pregnant. Due to placental hormones and luteinizing hormones, the amount of milk produced begins to drop significantly. This period should be adjusted once a week according to body weight and lactation. The diet should be based on roughage as much as possible, and the ratio of refined to roughage should be 30:70. Dietary dry matter accounts for 3% to 3.2% of body weight. In order to reduce the milk production rate, the body phlegm should be restored. The amount of feed should follow the milk production, that is, the nutritional level must always exceed the required amount. In the first half of dry milk, subclinical mastitis testing and treatment, while doing a good job related to fetal control.
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