After the fruit harvest under the clear canopy, it's essential to promptly collect and dispose of dead branches, fallen leaves, rotten fruits, and weeds in the orchard. These materials should be either gathered or burned, effectively eliminating a large number of pathogens and pests that overwinter in the orchard. This practice significantly reduces the risk of disease and infestation in the following growing season.
Deep plowing of the tree area is not only a key method for improving soil quality and boosting fruit production, but also an effective way to control overwintering pests and diseases. By turning the soil deeply, pests such as peach borers and aphids, along with their pathogens, are brought to the surface where they can be exposed to freezing temperatures, drying out, or being eaten by natural predators. This process also buries wintering weeds and pests, preventing them from emerging in spring and reducing their population.
Scraping the bark of fruit trees is another important practice. As the saying goes, "Pears must be eaten and the bark scraped." Cracks in the trunk and bark often harbor a variety of overwintering pests and pathogens. Removing this bark helps control diseases and insect infestations. Studies have shown that scraping the bark can reduce the overwintering larvae of dateworms and pear caterpillars by 80-90%, grape borers and pear borers by 60-80%, and spider mites by 70-80%.
Applying a white coating to the trunks of fruit trees during winter serves multiple purposes. It protects the trees from sunburn and frost damage while also killing many pathogens and pests that reside on the trunk. A common formula for the whitewash includes 10 parts quicklime, 2 parts lime sulfur, 1 part salt, 2 parts clay, and 35-40 parts water. The best time to apply this treatment is twice: once after the leaves fall before the ground freezes, and again in early spring.
Tying grass around the branches of fruit trees takes advantage of pests' preference for overwintering sites. After the fall, grass is tied to larger branches or placed into sacks to trap pests and larvae. These trapped pests are then collected and disposed of. This method has proven effective in controlling pests like P. edulis and others, with trapping rates ranging from 47% to 78%. It also helps manage spider mites, red spiders, leafworms, and other pests, especially when there is a high density of overwintering insects.
Finally, spraying deciduous fruit trees during dormancy with an oil emulsion containing 4-5% diesel oil and 5-degree lime sulfur solution can provide effective control against various pests and diseases. This treatment is particularly useful against scale insects, red spider mites, apple rot, pear scab, and grape black spot disease, offering significant protection for the coming season.
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