Symptoms of the disease can appear from the seedling stage all the way to the mature plant. The primary damage occurs at the base of the stem, where a water-soaked, light brown soft rot develops. A white, cotton-like mycelium often appears on the affected area, and later, black sclerotia resembling rat feces form. The infected plants eventually wilt. In some cases, the leaves may also develop brown rot.
The pathogen responsible for this disease is *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum* (de Bary), which belongs to the Ascomycota phylum. It is classified under the family Sclerotiniaceae. The sclerotia that fall into the soil serve as the primary source of infection. The disease typically occurs when the soil is already infected, and environmental conditions such as temperatures around 20°C, high rainfall, or excessive irrigation lead to overly moist soil conditions, creating an ideal environment for the pathogen to thrive.
To manage this disease, several control measures are recommended:
1. Remove all infected plants thoroughly, deep plow the soil, and bury the sclerotia deep underground to reduce their viability.
2. Disinfect seeds and soil before planting by applying 40% pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) to the soil. For every 667 square meters, use 0.5–1 kg of the chemical mixed with 15 kg of fine soil and apply it evenly.
3. Apply fungicides promptly to prevent infection from ascospores in the field. Suitable options include 50% carbendazim wettable powder diluted 500 times, 50% vinclozolin wettable powder diluted 1500–2000 times, 50% thiram wettable powder diluted 500 times, and 50% ethirimol wettable powder dust diluted 1000–1500 times. Spray the solution every 10 days and continue for 3–4 applications for effective control.
4. Covering the soil with plastic film can help prevent the emergence of apothecia, which release ascospores, thereby significantly reducing disease incidence.
By combining cultural, chemical, and physical control methods, the spread and impact of *Sclerotinia* diseases can be effectively managed, ensuring healthier plant growth and better crop yields.
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