A: The concept of crop rotation and the principle of pest and disease control rotation refers to that crops of different types of crops and different types of multiple cropping in the same cropland are called crop rotations. Planting a crop or a multiple cropping plant on the same land for a long period of consecutive years is called continuous cropping, also known as heavy cropping; Continuous work often causes a reduction in production. Can easily lead to "soil disease" phenomenon, this is because: 1, each crop has some special pests weeds. Continuous cropping can make these pests and weeds harmed by vicious cycle-like infections, such as cucumber downy mildew, root rot, and ray ray; tomato virus disease, late blight, pepper wilt, and blight. 2. The types, quantities, and proportions of nutrients in soils absorbed by different crops are different, and the ability of roots to absorb water and fertilizers is also different. Long-term cultivation of a crop, because its roots always stay at the same level, the crop after absorbing a lot of special nutrients, it will cause the loss of soil nutrients, so that the balance of soil nutrients. For example, cereal crops absorb more nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon, but less absorb calcium, and leguminous crops absorb more calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and less absorb silicon, but due to root nodule nitrogen fixation and roots and leaves There are many residues. After planting leguminous crops, the soil contains more nitrogen than commerce, and the soil is loose. In leafy vegetables and cruciferous vegetable crops, organic acids are secreted from the roots, which can dissolve and absorb the insoluble phosphorus in the soil. , has the function of enriching soil phosphorus. However, most crops do not absorb phosphorus that is fixed in the soil. 3, different crop root secretions are different, some secretions have toxic effects. For example, soybean roots secrete more ammonia, which increases the amount of soil bacteriophages, and the amount of phage secreted by them increases, which affects the formation of root nodules and nitrogen-fixing ability. This is also an important reason for the decline in soybean continuous cropping. Sorghum has strong fertility and requires large amounts of fertilizer. Its large amount of root exudates can inhibit the growth of other crops such as wheat. Therefore, for most crops, the sorghum rake is not good. 4. Continuous cropping due to cultivation, fertilization, irrigation, etc., will result in deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, reduced fertility, accumulation of toxic substances, slow decomposition of organic matter, and reduction of beneficial microorganisms and numbers. Therefore, in the process of conversion to organic agriculture, crop rotation is the first problem to be solved. Only by solving the problem of crop rotation can we get rid of the agricultural chemicals that are heavily dependent on modern agriculture. To achieve the production of organic agriculture, rotation is one of the most important requirements and characteristics of organic cultivation. Whether soil fertility or pest control requires crop rotation. This is because: (1) Crop rotation can balance the use of nutrients in the soil and combine land use with land conservation. (2) The farmland ecological conditions can be changed to improve soil physical and chemical properties. Increase biodiversity. (3) Exemption and reduction of the hazards associated with some of the continuous cropping pests and weeds. The use of fungicides secreted from the roots of the former crop can inhibit the occurrence of diseases on the crops. Root crops such as beets, carrots, onions and garlic can inhibit the occurrence of potato late blight. The secretion of wheat roots can inhibit thatch Grow. (4) Reasonable crop rotation, due to the deterioration of food conditions and the reduction of the host, makes those parasitic and strong, the host plants a single species and a small number of migratory diseases and insects died. Pathogens with low levels of sarcoidosis, such as P. infestans, cannot continue to grow due to the lack of host plants. (5) Rotation can promote the activity of microorganisms in the soil that are resistant to pathogens, thereby inhibiting the growth of pathogens. Two: The basic principles of vegetable rotation: From the point of view of plant protection: consider the host range of pathogens, and then consider which crop rotations, such as yellow wilt Verticillium host a wide range of cotton, and solanaceous plants such as potatoes, eggplant In rotation, the diseases will become more and more serious because they are the hosts of Verticillium. Secondly, we must consider the number of years of crop rotation. Different pests and diseases will have different time to live in the soil of crops, and the duration of rotation will also be different. 1. Choose vegetables with less pests and diseases that can be used without or with pesticides. (1) Vegetables that do not require pesticides Potatoes and vegetables: yams, Japanese yam, Poria oleifera: spinach, beetroot, Sycamore Umbelliferae: carrots, Cress, parsley, celery, fennel, coriander and other Asteraceae: burdock, lettuce, garland chrysanthemum Labiata: Perilla, peppermint, schismoide Ginger family: ginger Convolvulaceae: sweet potato lily family: leeks, garlic, green onions, onions , Asparagus, Lily, etc. 2. Select vegetables with less occurrence of diseases and pests by using local climatic conditions or seasonal differences, such as legumes: peas, broad beans, adzuki beans, peanuts, soybeans, beans, kidney beans, lentils, and concanavalin; : Chinese cabbage, cabbage, radish, indigo, mustard and rapeseed. These vegetables have fewer pests and diseases, normal growth areas or seasons, can be solved with only a small amount of pesticides, but if you choose cold regions, high altitude areas or cold spring and winter production, you can produce high-quality organic vegetables without pesticides. 3. Evaluation of crop mouthing characteristics The mouth opening characteristic refers to the physical and chemical properties of the soil after planting a certain crop, which is reflected in the influence on the post crop. It is the crystallization of the biological characteristics of crops and their technical effects on soil and crops. Due to the different characteristics of cornices, it directly or indirectly affects the growth and development of the crops and the yield of the crops. The cornice feature is the basis for a successful cropping plan. (1) Leguminous crops include edible legume crops, leguminous fodder, and green manure, which are biological nitrogen-fixing crops. The amount of nitrogen per acre of soybean is 5~10kg, 3.5~9.5kg for broad beans, 3.7kg for adzuki beans, 3~6kg for kidney beans, mung beans. 5~7.5kg, pea 5~5.5kg, cowpea 5~15kg. Rhizobium nitrogen fixation can provide 50-75% of the total nitrogen needed by legumes for a lifetime. Applying sufficient organic fertilizer in the early stage can fully meet the demand of nitrogen for bean vegetables. The root crops and shedding of legumes are more, the soil is loose, and the soil has high nitrogen content. It is a good frontier for leafy vegetables and fruit and vegetables. The legume green manure has a nitrogen content of about 0.5%, a phosphorus content of 0,07-0.15%, and a potassium content of 0.15-0.98%. It can be used both as a vegetable (bud of young plants) and as a feed. It can be used directly as fertilizer. It is a pioneer crop for fertilizing fertility and it can be interplanted with other vegetables that require more fertilizer. (2) The roots and tuber crops are most likely not to be contiguous, and there are more pests and diseases after continuous cropping. However, most of these crops are ridged, and they loosen the soil. After the planing, they can loosen and ripen the soil. This is a good frontier for many vegetables. 4, the classification of vegetables, each type of choice of different types: such as: vegetables can be divided into leafy vegetables, melons, fruit vegetables, root vegetables and beans. Can be: lettuce - cucumbers; beans - white radish - tomato soup and so on. 5, deep-rooted and shallow-rooted rotation plant, absorb the nutrients in different depths of soil, such as tomatoes - cabbage 茬 6, need to be hypertrophic and alternate fertilizers for small vegetables, such as: broccoli and green beans. 7. The rotation of vegetables with high land coverage and low coverage can protect the soil structure. 8, the following crops should not be rotated or intercropping a. Vegetables that belong to the same family taxonomically should not be rotated, such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, bell peppers, etc. b. Cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, white radish, cherry radish and leeks c. Onions, green onions, leeks, garlic d. Carrot, Celery e. Various kinds of beans f. All kinds of melons 3: common vegetables rotation characteristics: Cucumber: spring cucumber before the pod is mostly autumn or spring dishes and winter dishes, after the pod suitable for a variety of autumn vegetables, summer and autumn before the cucumber is suitable for a variety of spring and summer dishes, after the pods suitable for winter Dishes or spring dishes. Cucumber and tomato inhibit each other and should not be cropped and interplanted. Tomatoes: 3 to 5 years of rotation, not in conjunction with solanaceous crops. The former crop is a variety of leafy vegetables and root vegetables. The latter can also be leafy vegetables and root vegetables, and short crops or vegetables, intercropping, such as soybeans, kale, Bulbous fennel, onion, garlic and other intercropping. Fall shed tomato, nesting dishes can reduce the temperature. Interplanting sweet corn in tomato can attract moths to lay eggs and eliminate them collectively. Eggplant: The former is wintering leafy vegetables, and can also be interplanted with early growing cabbage, early-maturing cabbage, spring radish, water radish, cherry radish and other short-growing vegetables. After the pod can be planted cabbage and other autumn vegetables. Pepper: It is not suitable for continuous cropping with solanaceous crops and intercropping with short crops such as leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and peanuts. Melon: Avoid continuous cropping. Rotation for 3 to 5 years. Avoid contact with other melons or old vegetable gardens. Melon leaves and leaves the best for the front and rear, the rear leaves and vegetables can significantly increase production. Beans: Beans, peas, peas, sweet beans, rack beans, etc. should not be used as continuous crops. Rotation for more than 3 years. Former crops are autumn or winter vegetables or unused land. Food crops such as open vegetables, rice, corn, peanuts, etc. can be used as fore crops. . The southern spring eel is spring radish, spinach and other spring vegetables, and the latter vegetable is mainly wintering spinach, celery, Chinese cabbage, and autumn cabbage. In the south, there are autumn potatoes, radish cabbage, black cabbage, kale and Chinese cabbage. In the north it is particularly suitable for intercropping with high pole crops. Radish: autumn and winter radish gargle more than melons, solanaceous fruit, beans is appropriate, early spring radish is spinach, celery, cabbage, autumn lettuce and carrots; seasons radish can be set apart with pumpkins. Carrots: Autumn and winter carrots: Former crops are wheat, spring cabbage, spring cabbage, and beans. After the crop can be inoculated wheat, onion, spring Ganlan, green onions, potatoes and so on. Spring sowing carrots: The former pods were mostly autumn cabbage, green onions, winter garland, spinach, and most of the vegetables were cabbage, Ganlan, celery, spinach, autumn green beans, and autumn cucumbers. Phthalocyanine: Formerly melons, beans, solanes, potatoes, 2 to 3 years of rotation, not in conjunction with other cruciferous vegetables. Potatoes: Former crops are onions and cucumbers, followed by cereals and soybeans. Solanaceae crops should not be rotated between each other. It is also not appropriate to rotate with root vegetables. When interplanting with other crops, it should be noted that: 1 The symbiosis period should be shortened as soon as possible for precocious and short-grained plants. The product organ should be staggered during the prime period and less competition should be made for temperature, light, water, fertilizer and impact management. America's windbreak: Spring is spinach, cabbage, carrots. Dioscorea zingiberensis: Intercropping with leafy vegetables, canola, wheat, and beans in the spring, solanaceous fruits and melons and vegetables can be planted in the summer, and cold-tolerant vegetables can be interplanted in the fall, with 2 to 3 years of rotation. Welsh onion: The most bogey continuous crop. It takes more than three years to turn crops into rotations with food crops to cultivate Chinese cabbage and melon vegetables using green onions. Before the growth of green onions early radish species, late interplanting spinach and other overwintering crops. Onion: It is a good fore crop of autumn fruits and vegetables, tomato and wax gourd fruits and vegetables, or interplanting lettuce, season radish, dwarf cowpea, bulb fennel and eggplant. Garlic: Avoid continuous cropping, or replant with other onion plants. The earliest seeds of autumn sowing garlic are the best for the early-maturing beans, melons, solanes, and potatoes; the spring sowing of garlic is best for autumn beans, melons, pumpkins, and eggplants; it is a good forerunner of other crops. Chinese cabbage: with rice rotation; not suitable for continuous cropping and rotation with other cruciferous crops. In the rotation: 1 choose the vegetables that harvested earlier, such as solanaceous fruits, 2 vegetables before the election, such as cucumbers, watermelons, and onions and garlic, for the former, which can reduce pests and diseases. Cabbage was planted on the leeks or in the garlic ridge, and the disease was significantly reduced. Cabbage and Chinese cabbage: It can be rotated with melons, beans, root vegetables and field crops. Spring vegetables can be interplanted with solanes, beans, melons, and yams. Summer and autumn vegetables can be mixed with celery, garland chrysanthemum and carrots. Autumn early autumn cabbage can be broccoli, Gan Lan, autumn potatoes and other interplanting. In winter, intercropping with Chun Ganlan and lettuce. The ball Gan Lan: The former is mainly melons, beans; avoid continuous production. The open field can be intercropped with high-crop crops such as corn. It can be intercropped with tomatoes, cucumbers, rack beans and other elevated vegetables. Chives: Soybeans, melons, beans, early maturing vegetables (house or greenhouse) intercropping. Leek: autumn sowing leek is the best for tomato, cucumber. Before spring leeks, it is garlic; avoid continuous cropping. Melon: 5 to 6 strains of ginger are grown between wax gourds. One side of the pod grows and the other grows. After April and May, intercropping wax gourd or aubergine and eggplant intercropping melon in amaranth. Tomatoes interplanting wax gourd. Under the melon under the interplanting bulbs of fennel, lettuce, cabbage ball and leafy vegetables; in the mountains, wax gourd interplanting ginger. Watermelon: rotation for 5~8 years. Rotation crops include: wheat, rice, corn, radish, sweet potatoes, and green manure. Lotus root: glutinous rice and rice rotation. After harvesting, it can be planted with watercress, arrowhead mushrooms, alfalfa and watercress. Lotus roots are often made with alternate mushrooms, oysters, and oysters, or between white and white. Bai Bai: It is not suitable for continuous cropping, with è—•, è‡ mushrooms, è¸è , Pucao, Cishi, rice rotation.
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