I. There is no uniform standard for the division of the brooding crickets at each stage. According to its physiological characteristics, it can be divided into: 1-15 days old as a young, 15-40 days old, and 40 days old as an adult. Brooding brooding refers to feeding and management of 1-15 days old. The larvae grow rapidly during the brooding period, and the feathers are exchanged and grow rapidly. The average weight of newborns is 7-8 grams, which can reach 20-23 grams at the age of 1 week. The average daily weight gain is 1.86 grams, and the weight ratio is about 1.4:1. At the age of 2 weeks, it can reach 40-42 grams, with a feed weight ratio of about 2:1. The growth of its feathers is shown with the increase in body weight. At the age of 1 week, the primary feathers on the surface of the chicks begin to grow, the feathers of the main wing become thicker, and the tail feathers begin to germinate. The feather color of the main wing of the 4-month-old chick was sesame. In addition to the abdomen, 10-day-old chicks are not likely to see fetal hair everywhere in the body. At 15 days of age, the chicks' fetal hairs gradually become primary feathers. At the age of 30 days, the feathers of the family can be replaced with permanent feathers, but the feathers on the cheeks and lower jaw must be 60 days old. (I) Preparation before brooding The preparations before brooding mainly include cleaning and disinfection of food troughs, sinks and brooding rooms, preparation of feeds, drugs and utensils, insulation equipment, and temperature tests. When purchasing from outside, you must also consider the purchase volume and transportation equipment. The specific implementation of its preparatory work can refer to other poultry. (ii) Feeding and management of the young quail 1. Insulation. The thermoregulatory function of the young chicks is not perfect, and their adaptability to the external environment is poor. At the same time, the young chicks are small, relatively large in surface area, and have more heat dissipation than chickens, so the chicks are very sensitive to temperature. Insulation conditions are more stringent than those for chicks. During the first three days of brooding, the central temperature should reach 38-40°C, gradually decrease to 35-33°C in the first week, 32-29°C in the second week, 28-25°C in the third week, and 24 in the fourth week. -21°C. When the temperature inside the brooder is the same as the room temperature, it can be defrosted. Keep indoor temperature at 20-24°C. Temperature control not only depends on the thermometer, but more importantly, it observes the status of the prostitute and sees Shi Wenwen. At the same time, it should also pay attention to weather changes. Winter is slightly higher and summer is slightly lower. Rainy days are slightly higher and sunny days are slightly lower. Nights are slightly higher and days are slightly lower. 2, drinking water. After long-distance transportation or staying in the incubator for a prolonged period, the proficient chicks lose a lot of water and should supply warm water in time to restore the spirits to prosper. Otherwise, the chicks will become fragile and affect their health. If water is not supplied for a long time, it will make the prostitute drink water and even wet the feathers, causing coldness and diarrhea. On the first day, it is advisable to drink 5% dextrose in water, drink 0.05% potassium permanganate on the second day, and then drink potassium permanganate once a week. As the age increases, the amount of drinking water increases, and water can be used instead. When using the sink, it is best to cover the net cover to prevent the chicks from falling into the drown. 3, feeding. The growth and development of the chicks are rapid, and the nutrient requirements for the feed are high. The nutritional standards can be found in the nutrition standards in the general commentary. The available formulas are: Formula One: Feed Name: Corn Bean Cake Fish Meal Bran Meal Powder Bone Powder Contained in: 54 25 15 3.5 1.5 1.0 Formulation II: Beverage Name: Corn Boiled fish meal Bran meal contained in the ratio: 54 25 15 4.5 1.0 (Formula 1 and Formula 2 are required to add appropriate additives) Chicklings generally require 24-30 hours to eat. The starter feed is a mixed feed, and a single feed such as corn flour can also be used to feed the feed. Generally use day and night free intake, must be kept constant water, and constantly expected. There are also regular quantitative feedings, in principle, 4 times in the morning, in the evening, and in the night. But it depends on the specific circumstances. 4, breeding density. If the stocking density is too large, the survival rate will be reduced, the young chicks will grow slowly, and the growth will be uneven; if the density is too small, the cost of brooding will be increased and the insulation will be unfavorable. Therefore, stocking density should be properly arranged. The first week of age is about 130 square meters per square meter, and the second week of age is about 100. The winter density can be increased appropriately, and in summer it is reduced accordingly. At the same time, the density should be appropriately adjusted in combination with the size of the lice. 5, light. Reasonable light during brooding has the effect of promoting growth and development. Insufficient light will delay the time of production. During the incubation, 24-hour light is generally used. After the temperature is defrosted, the illumination time must not be less than 14 hours. The light color is suitable for the middle light color. Although the red light calms the eyes, sexual maturity is slightly delayed. 6, accessories. The best material in the brooder is the sack sheet, and coarse cloth sheets can also be used. Because the legs and feet of newly hatched chicks are weak and weak, walking on smooth accessories can easily result in "one" leg. As time passes, they will not stand and become disabled. As a result, excipients are prohibited from newspapers or plastics. Accessories can be removed after 3-5 days. 7, daily management. The daily work of brooding should be meticulous, patient, and strengthen health management. Regular observations of the spirits of the prostitutes. Feed materials, change water, clean floors and clean feces on time, and keep them clean. Its daily management includes the following points: (1) Every morning, we must observe the dynamics of the deafness, such as whether the mental state is good, whether it is normal to eat or drink, identify problems, find out the reasons, and take immediate measures. (2) The shingles are cleaned 1-2 times a day, and the drinker is cleaned 1-2 times a day. (3) Turn on the lights after sunset every day to master the lighting time. (4) Always check the temperature, humidity, and ventilation in the brooding box. Before going to sleep, be sure to check if the temperature is appropriate. (5) Observe the feces of the chicks. Normal feces are dry and spiral. Fecal color, thick and thick and feed related. Feeding fishmeal was yellow-brown for a long time, and it was brownish and dilute when feeding green material. It was normal. If feces are found in red and white, they must be checked. (6) Eliminating poorly grown youngsters in time. (7) Diseased youngsters are found, isolated in time, and necropsy in time. (8) At the age of 1 week and 2 weeks, samples were weighed and compared with the standard body weight. Second, the feeding and management of young species of storks refers to the period of 15-40 days of age. This stage has a large growth intensity, especially in the bones, muscles, digestive system and reproductive system. The main task of its husbandry and management is to control its standard weight and normal sexual maturity. At the same time, strict selection and immunization work are required. (a) The nutritional requirements for young oysters reared with oysters can be referred to the breeding standards introduced in the general review. The formulas available for reference are: corn 56%, bran 3.9%, bean cake 24%, fishmeal 13%, hay powder 1% , bone meal 1.5%, salt 0.3%, additive 0.3%. However, as a kind of egg or quail should be properly reared, it can be controlled by controlling the feed intake or protein level, so as to avoid over-fertilization and premature maturation. During this period, Aberdeen's weight gain was faster, reaching 62 grams at 3 weeks of age, 84 grams at 4 weeks of age, 109.5 at 5 weeks of age, and 123 grams at 6 weeks of age. The feed weight ratio was 2.7:1, 3.2:1, 3.6:1, and 4.3:1 from the third week to the sixth week, respectively. (2) The management of young storks should be properly “lighted down†during their rearing period. The broiler’s long illumination time is not required, and it is only necessary to maintain natural light for 10-12 hours. In the season when natural light is long, it is even necessary to cover the window and keep the light within the specified time. During the rearing period of Aberdeen, they should be weighed periodically as a basis for limiting the degree of feed. At the age of 40 days, about 2% of the pupae have opened, but most of them are required to start production at 45-55 days of age. Therefore, in the past, we must do a lot of work such as prevention and deworming. And respond to the clearing group. Before the transfer, prepare all kinds of preparatory work, such as cooking and feeding. The movement needs to be light during the transition and the environment needs to be quiet. Generally around the age of about 1 month old, male and female can be discriminated from the male and female, and male and female can be separately reared. In addition to male and female males, the male and female males with poor quality can be transferred to fattening cages for fattening and marketing. Third, the husbandry and management of adult clams generally refers to clams after 40 days of age. Its purpose is to obtain high-quality, high-yielding eggs, breeders, and eggs. Chengyu can be differentiated into different types of production purposes for the use of quail eggs and quail eggs, except for the difference in breeding techniques, cage specifications, stocking density, and feeding standards, other daily management is basically similar. (1) Selection of species When selecting a species, it is required to have a beautiful vision, a beautiful appearance, feather luster, full muscles, thin skin, soft abdomen, small, round head, and short and long neck. At the same time, there are requirements for females and males: 1. Females. (1) Robust, lively and active, eating a lot, no disease. (2) Strong egg production, with an annual egg production rate of 80% or more, and meat type should also be above 75%. Egg production per month is 24-27 or more. (3) Large in size. Mature female weight 130-150 grams is appropriate. Abdominal volume is large, there are two fingers wide between the pubis, the top of the shame slip and the top of the sternum are three fingers wide, the egg production is high. This method of inspection is only feasible for the first laying year of females. The greater the female's age, the greater the volume of the abdomen, but the smaller the egg production. When selecting egg production, the average egg production rate and daily egg production after 3 months of production can be counted without waiting for the selection after one year of egg production. The above requirements can be selected. 2, strong. The quality of public money has a great influence on future generations. Ask the public to scream loud, long and continuous. Strong chest and body weight between 110-130 grams. When selected, the anus should be observed primarily and should be dark red, uplifted, and a white bubble appears on the hand. This is estrus. This phenomenon occurs when the male is 50 days old. The male claws should be able to fully extend to avoid slipping during mating, affect mating, and reduce the fertility rate. (II) Male-female ratio and use period According to the needs of breeding or production, the ratio of male-female male-female is different. Can choose a single match (1 ♂: 1 ♀) or round with (♂ 1: ♀ 4), small group breeding (♂ 2: ♀ 5-7), large group breeding (♂ 10: ♀ 30). Male and female ratios are one of the key measures to ensure the fertilization rate of eggs. The number of males is insufficient and the fertilization rate is reduced. Too many males and females will increase unnecessary expenditures. Even public funds will compete with one another and interfere with the population. The useful life of crickets is only one year for males and females, and 0.5 to 2 years for females, depending on egg production, egg weight, fertility, economic efficiency, and breeding value. Under normal circumstances, the egg production in the second egg-laying biological year should be reduced by 15%-20%, so new pods should be added in time. Because of the small egg weight at the early stage of laying and the low fertilization rate in the early stage of laying, the hatching rate is low due to the deterioration of the eggshell quality. The eggs produced during these two periods are not included in hatching eggs. In the production practice, only 8-10 months of seed collection time is used for egg-type seedlings; the time for seed collection of meat-type mother-flies is shorter, only 6-8 months. (iii) The rules of egg production by the mother bird. The mother quail group generally begins to lay eggs around the age of 40 days, and usually reaches the peak of egg production one month later, and the peak period of egg production is long. The distribution pattern of egg production time on the day was mainly concentrated in the afternoon from before 8 o'clock in the evening, and the egg production was the most at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. (4) The full-price feeds must be used for the feeds for clams and for the production of custards. The nutritional requirements of clams must be referenced to the nutritional standards in the general discussion. Cockroaches have higher quality requirements for feed, especially for higher energy and protein levels in feeds. According to tests, the level of crude protein in the diet did not meet the nutrient requirements of egg-laying quails. Before the crude protein level of diets was increased by 1% from 16%, the egg production rate could be increased by 2.6%, and the feed conversion rate could be increased by 4.7%. . It has also been reported that adding yeast powder (0.5%-1%) to feed can increase the egg production rate of quail about 5%. The appropriate addition of granular limestone (particle diameter 2.0 mm) in the late quail egg-laying diet not only improves eggshell quality, but also has a significant effect on increasing egg production rate. Each egg-laying quail weighs about 20-24 grams per day, about 45 milliliters of drinking water, and about 27 grams of defecation, but it varies with egg production, season, and other factors. Feed shapes are powders, pastes, pellets, etc., which have their own advantages and disadvantages. According to reports, in the same situation, the egg production rate in the paste group was 1%-2% higher than that in the powder group. However, pastes are inconvenient to add and are prone to deterioration. Increasing the number of feedings also has a greater impact on the egg production rate. Even if there is water in the tank, there are materials that should be regularly smelted or some new material added, 4-5 times a day. According to another test, wolfberry and sulfonamide drugs are administered during the production of eggs, which can reduce the egg production rate by about 15%. This decline can be resumed after 5-10 days after drug withdrawal. Therefore, during the production of eggs, it is necessary to reduce the use of drugs or try not to use them. This is the case at the peak of egg production. (five) Cheng Hao's management 1. Sherwin. The proper temperature in the house is the key to high production and stable production. The general requirement is to control the temperature between 18-24°C. If the temperature is lower than 15°C, the production of eggs will be affected. If the temperature is lower than 10°C, the production of eggs will be stopped. If the temperature is lower, death will occur. The solution is to increase the stocking density and increase the insulation equipment. When the temperature in the house is higher than 35°C in the summer, there will be a decrease in feed intake, mouth breathing, and decreased egg production. Should reduce the rearing density, increase ventilation and so on. 2, light. Illumination has two functions. One is to use illumination for delirium, and the other is to stimulate the pituitary gland through the eyes and increase hormone secretion to promote sexual performance and egg production. The light in the early period of the pupa and the peak of the production should reach 15-16 hours, and it can be extended to 17 hours in the later period. The light intensity is 10Lux. When placing the bulbs, pay attention to the lighting of the bottom cage of the overlapping cages. 3, keep the environment quiet. Scared little scared, it is easy to appear surprise phenomenon, manifested as running, jumping and taking off in the cage. If the keeper is too violent in his work, the proximity of passing vehicles and strangers can cause frightening groups, reduced egg production and increased malformed eggs. It has been reported that some people once put cockroaches out of their cages and then seized them as a type of stress. It was found that this stress led to a decrease in cockroach production rates and that recovery was slow and took 5 to 15 days. 4, daily management. The daily work of keeping egg tarts should include hygiene and daily records. The trough and sink are cleaned once a day and the excrement is removed 1-2 times a day. There is a disinfection pool at the entrance and there should be a disinfection basin. To prevent the infestation of rats, birds, etc., the daily records should include the number of crickets, the number of eggs laid, the amount of feed consumed, the number of deaths, the number of eliminations, the weather conditions, and the personnel on duty. 4. Feeding and management of meat quails Meat quail refers to quail for meat use. It mainly includes meat-type larvae, broilers with eggs that use hybrids with oysters, and even eggs that require fattening. The main task of meat pupa feeding and management is to obtain the best weight gain for feed, in order to obtain the best economic benefits. (1) Feeding meat carcasses rationally During the first three weeks, feed nutrients during brooding are generally used, and the energy content should be appropriately increased in the later period. Generally free to eat, free drinking water. When the feed is changed, in order to achieve a reasonable feed change and not cause a short-term impact on the growth, it is best to feed two brooding materials, a mixture of the bred materials in the first three days of the replacement, and then feed them for another three days. Divided broodstock, two fertilisers, and finally transition to fertiliser. The fat of the wild pheasant is pale and white without pigment, but its fat color is easily affected by the feed and becomes yellow fat. According to reports, natural pigments or synthetic pigments can be added to the feed to alter the color of the fat in order to meet market needs. (B) The temperature, light, and density of meat broilers are similar to those of the broiler brooder in terms of temperature, light, and density. If the temperature is too low, it will increase feed intake and reduce feed remuneration. Dark light should be used for the light of the meat. The light is too strong to produce blemishes and surprises. The stocking density may be slightly higher than that for seedlings or eggs. (3) Reasonable grouped meat pupa are generally reared with male and female bred groups. If it is difficult to identify at birth, after 1 month of age, it is still necessary to raise the fattening by the male and female, size, and strength. The phenomenon of cohabitation between male and female raised in cages caused disturbances. The group rearing can also improve the uniformity of the market, reduce the residual rate, and increase the feed-to-weight ratio. China Agricultural Network Editor
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