I. Variety and storage characteristics There is a great difference in the tolerance between the varieties of apple. The early maturing varieties such as Huang Kui, Hong Kui, Zhu Guang, Dan Ding, etc. are not resistant to storage, and the middle and late-maturing varieties such as Hongyu, Golden Delicious, Marshal, Red Star and other comparisons. Storage-resistant, late-maturing varieties such as Guoguang, Green Banana, Qin Guan, India, Fuji, etc. have good tolerance. Different varieties of apples are prone to different problems during storage. For example, golden crowns are prone to dehydration and wrinkles. Marshals, red stars, brocades, etc. are prone to scourge; Guoguang, Qingban bananas, India, Marshal, Hongyu, etc. are prone to tiger skin disease. The cockscomb is prone to browning of the pulp of the fruit and the darkening of the peel. Second, harvesting apple harvest time has a great impact on the quality of storage, harvesting is too early, the fruit color and flavor are not good, but also prone to tiger skin disease, bitter bean disease, brown heart disease, carbon dioxide injury and dehydration wilting, etc. Harvesting is too late, the fruit tends to age during storage, and the flesh develops browning, browning, spotting disease, water heart disease, dampness brown flesh disease and rot. Short-term storage or cold storage can be harvested later, with longer storage periods or modified storage of fruits with modified atmosphere. Take care when harvesting to avoid bruises and scratches. Harvesting is best done in the morning and evening, avoiding harvesting on rainy days. Third, storage conditions Most apples suitable storage temperature is -0 - 0 °C, relative humidity is about 90%. The temperature of controlled atmosphere storage is generally 0.5--1°C higher than that of cold storage, and the oxygen content of the gas is usually 2-5% and carbon dioxide 3-5%. The apple trees cultivated in different varieties and different years and regions have different requirements for environmental conditions. Low temperature can inhibit the development of physiological diseases such as tiger skin disease, bitter bean disease, and aging and browning. However, if the storage temperature is too low, it may cause frost damage or physiological disorders and brown heart disease may occur. When apples are stored under high humidity, evaporation of water is greatly reduced, natural losses are reduced, and the fruit is kept fresh and plump. Atmosphere storage can inhibit apple ripening, maintain hardness, reduce physiological and microbiological diseases and reduce water loss. The ratio of oxygen and carbon dioxide stored in the atmosphere is different for different species, and ethylene gas must be removed during the storage process by removing or venting. Fourth, storage methods 1, refrigerated. Immediately after the harvest, apples should be precooled. Before entering the warehouse, warehouses and containers should be sterilized. The temperature of the warehouse should be lowered to 0°C. There should be clearance between the chambers of the apple clams, the cicadas, and the crotch to facilitate ventilation. During the storage period, the temperature and humidity in the library are regularly detected and controlled in time, and proper ventilation is adopted to eliminate the bad gas. In order to maintain the constant temperature of the reservoir, flush the cream in time, and humidify it manually when the humidity is too low. Apples must warm up before they leave the library, otherwise there will be condensate on the apple, which will accelerate decay. 2, modified atmosphere refrigeration. Strict selection of disease-free pests, apples without mechanical damage, pre-cooling to the appropriate temperature before the air conditioning. The storage of the modified atmosphere is carried out in a controlled atmosphere warehouse. It can also be carried out in a cold warehouse with a large plastic or plastic film bag. (1) Storage of atmosphere storage. Air-conditioned storage is the best way for commercial large-scale air-conditioned storage of apples, but it must have certain experience to master the gas components needed for apple varieties, and to ensure the gas composition required by the library and accurately control the temperature through air-conditioning. humidity. The air-conditioned storehouse can store apples for up to 10 months. The quality of storage is good, but the cost of equipment is high, and the operation and management technology is also more complicated. (2) large-scale plastic film air conditioning storage. In the cold room, use 0.1-0.2 mm thick polyethylene to make large bills, and seal the apple storks. The capacity can be determined as needed. When closing the account, the same plastic film is placed on the bottom of the book. A sleeper or brick is used as a cushion. After the pre-chilled apple is boxed, it is put into a crucible and then covered with a plastic book. Finally, Bundle the bottom edge of the bottom of the book with the bottom edge of the wall of the account and bury it in a small ditch that has been dug in advance. Use soil to compact it, or use a brick to press the edge of the curl tightly. The molecular sieve nitrogen filling machine was used to inject nitrogen into the account to reduce oxygen, and the gas was taken to determine the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide so as to accurately control the gas composition in the account. During the storage period, the gas is collected every day to analyze the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in the account. When the oxygen concentration is too low, air is added to the account; when the carbon dioxide concentration is too high, it is necessary to remove it; the carbon dioxide remover or slaked lime can be used to remove the gas. For carbon dioxide, the amount of slaked lime is 0.5-1 kg per 100 kg of apples. (3) Silicon window gas conditioning storage. The storage of the silicon window air-conditioning is to set a certain area of ​​silicone rubber film on the above-mentioned plastic film account, and the function of the gas component in the storage environment is automatically adjusted using the silicon window. The size of the silicon window area should be determined according to the specific circumstances, a ton of apples stored at 0.5 °C and 3-5% gas, 3-5% carbon dioxide, the required silicon window area is about 0.3-0.6 square meters. It is also possible to install several silicon windows and open them as required. (4) The plastic bags or silicon window bags are stored spontaneously. Use a 0.06-0.08 mm thick polyethylene film to make a 110x70 cm bag lined in a fruit basket or box. Place it in an apple and tie it tightly. Rely on the respiration of the apple itself to reduce the oxygen content and raise the carbon dioxide content. During storage, when the gas composition is not suitable, open the bag for ventilation. If a silicon window bag is used, it is not necessary to open the bag because the silicon window can play a role in regulating the gas. You can also put the bag outside the box. China Agricultural Network Editor
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