Chihuo Zao Yang, also known as "Jujube's Footsteps," is a common pest found in regions where Chinese jujubes are cultivated. It primarily affects jujube trees, though it can also infest wild jujubes. In years of heavy infestation, the larvae feed on jujube leaves and then move to other fruit trees like apples and pears.
When the larvae crawl, their bodies appear curved, which is why they are referred to as "Big Worms" or "Step Worms." These larvae initially feed on young shoots and leaves, later moving to flower buds. The damage caused by these pests often results in irregular notches on the leaves. In severe cases, the entire canopy may be defoliated, leading to significant yield loss or even total crop failure. With a wide range of host plants, Chihuo Zao Yang is considered one of the most destructive pests in jujube-growing areas across China.
Morphological Characteristics:
Adult females measure 16–20 mm in length, with a plump body covered in grayish-brown scales. Their antennae are thread-like, and they have three pairs of thoracic legs, along with a cluster of gray hairs at the end of the abdomen. Male moths are smaller, measuring 10–15 mm long, with a wingspan of 25–30 mm. They have brownish-gray scales, feathery antennae, and dark wavy patterns on their wings, along with a black spot on the hind wings.
Eggs: The eggs are oval-shaped, with a diameter of 0.8–1 mm. Initially, they are gray-green, turning dark gray just before hatching. When ready to hatch, the center of the egg becomes slightly indented.
Larvae: The larvae go through five instars, shedding their skin four times. The first and fifth instars last about 10 days each, while the second to fourth instars take around 10 days as well. The first instar is only 2 mm long, with a large black head and six white stripes. As they grow, the coloration changes, with more distinct patterns and increased feeding activity. By the fifth instar, the larvae can reach up to 51 mm in length, with a mix of gray, yellow, and black longitudinal stripes.
Pupa: The pupa is spindle-shaped, measuring 16 mm for males and 17 mm for females. It starts off red and turns reddish-brown over time.
Life Cycle and Habits: Chihuo Zao Yang has one generation per year, with some individuals completing two generations in two years. The adults emerge from the soil between mid-March and early May, with peak emergence lasting around 60 days. Female moths tend to emerge in the late afternoon, while males are attracted to light and search for mates in the evening. Eggs are laid in bark cracks, with each female laying between 1,000 and 1,200 eggs over a period of 10–25 days.
The larvae become active from April to June, with peak damage occurring in May. They move quickly, spin silk, and can cause bud deformation due to webbing. As they grow, their feeding intensity increases, causing greater damage. After reaching maturity, the larvae burrow into the soil to overwinter.
Control Methods:
1. Prevent females from laying eggs on tree trunks by placing a 10 cm-wide plastic tape around the base of the trunk, 10 cm above the ground. This tape should be secured with staples and covered with moist soil. Apply insecticide twice during the egg-laying period, using a mixture of oil, butter, and an appropriate pesticide such as cypermethrin or deltamethrin.
2. During fall or early spring (before mid-March), manually dig the soil within 1 meter of the trunk, up to 3–10 cm deep, to remove overwintering pupae.
3. Spray the trees to control both eggs and larvae. Most eggs will hatch within 27–30 days after adult emergence, so spraying should occur before the third instar stage. Effective insecticides include 2.5% deltamethrin (6000x), 20% chlorpyrifos (9000x), 75% phoxim (3000x), 90% trichlorfon (1000x), 50% dichlorvos (800–1000x), and 1000x cyprodinil.
4. Use anti-molting hormones like 20% diflubenzuron (5000x) to prevent egg hatching and disrupt larval development.
Implementing these control measures can reduce infestations by up to 80–90%, making them highly effective in managing this destructive pest in jujube orchards.
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