In order to strengthen the guidance of scientific fertilization for autumn and winter crops, increase the efficiency of fertilizer use, promote crop yield, increase farmers' income, and sustainable agricultural development, the Ministry of Agriculture recently released the Guidance Opinions on Scientific Fertilization for Main Crops in Autumn and Winter 2011.
The scientific fertilization guidance was formulated by the expert team of the Soil Testing and Fertilization Technical Experts of the Ministry of Agriculture on the basis of the characteristics of main crops needed for autumn and winter and the results of soil testing and formulating fertilization projects. The expert group suggested that all localities should focus on the three goals of “promoting production, improving efficiency, and ensuring safetyâ€, and adopting the concept of “increasing production fertilization, economical fertilization, and environmentally-friendly fertilization†in line with local conditions, and optimizing the allocation of fertilizer resources and the ratio of nutrient allocation and selection. Appropriate fertilization period, improved fertilization methods. At the same time, we must adhere to the combination of scientific fertilization and fertility, increase organic fertilizers, promote the return of straw to the field, plant and use green manure, improve soil and fertility, and increase the soil's overall output capacity.
1. Fertilization problems and fertilization principles
Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers for winter wheat in the North China Plain is more common. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are unbalanced in nutrient ratio, fertilizer utilization is low, one-off fertilization area is large, nitrogen fertilizer supply is insufficient at a later stage, and trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, and boron are lacking. Occurrence, shallow soil layer, poor water retention and fertility and other issues, proposed the following principles of fertilization:
(1) According to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be appropriately reduced;
(2) The nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in divided times, and the proportion of application in the middle and late fertility should be appropriately increased;
(3) According to soil fertility conditions, high-efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers;
(4) Increase the organic fertilizer, promote organic and inorganic cooperation, increase the intensity of returning straw, and increase soil water and fertility;
(5) Pay attention to the application of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, and boron;
(6) The combination of fertilizer application and high yield and quality cultivation techniques.
2. Fertilizer amount and method
(1) Output levels above 600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 16~18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8~10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5~8 kg/mu.
(2) Output level 500-600 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu.
(3) Output level 400-500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12~14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6~8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3~5 kg/mu.
(4) Output level 300-400 kg/mu: Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1-4 kg/mu.
(5) The output level is below 300 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8~10 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3~5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0~3 kg/mu.
In sulphur-deficient areas, sulfur may be applied at a rate of about 2 kg/mu. If other sulphur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulphur may be reduced. In zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, zinc sulphate or manganese sulphate may be used in amounts of 1 to 2 kg/mu. Boron area can be applied according to the discretion of borax 0.5 ~ 1 kg / acre. Advocating a combination of “one spray and three defensesâ€, spray foliar spraying of trace elements in the grain filling stage of wheat or use foliar potassium dihydrogen phosphate (150-200 g) plus 0.5-1 kg of urea to dilute 50 kg of water for foliar spraying.
When the yield per unit area is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. When the yield per unit area exceeds 500 kg/mu, one-third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is used as basal fertilizer, and two-thirds is used as top-dressing at the jointing, heading, and filling stages. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and trace element fertilizers were all used as base fertilizers. If basal fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer may be reduced as appropriate.
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