Bumblebee pollination not only improves the fruit setting rate of the plant and improves the yield, but also saves labor and effort, and the fruit quality is good. This spring, Yang Yonggang, the head of Zhexing Vegetable Demonstration Garden in Yongnian District of Handan City, introduced the bumblebee "foreign worker" to pollinate tomatoes and received good results.
The bumblebee is large, has a long life, is covered with fluff, and has strong pollen collection ability, low temperature resistance and low light. It is more adaptable to the environment in the greenhouse and can concentrate on pollinating the crops in the greenhouse. Bumblebee pollination can not only improve the yield of tomato fruits, but also improve the quality of tomatoes, reduce the ratio of deformed fruits, and solve the problems of pollution caused by the application of chemical hormone pollination. Therefore, bumblebees have become ideal insects for pollination of greenhouse vegetables, and the use of bumblebees for pollination has also become an important measure recognized by the world for the production of green food.
1. The principle of bumblebee pollination
Tomatoes need to be shaken after flowering to cause pollen to fall from the stamens to the stigmas and play a role in pollination. The bumblebee flies around the flower when pollinating the tomato, and then falls on the flower. The forefoot grabs the bright yellow stamen anther, while the upper jaw bites the anther, and then makes a sharp sound, this sharp buzzing is the sound of the bumblebee wing muscles contracting fiercely This ultrasonic wave is transmitted to the pollen inside the anther to release the pollen, which is called "acoustic shock pollination". The part of the anther that was bitten by the bumblebee's upper jaw quickly turned into brown spots. The bumblebee recognized the brown spots to see if they had been collected, which improved the pollination efficiency. Bumblebees obtain more pollen by adjusting the tuning fork. This cross-explosion sound helps to release pollen.
2. Technical requirements for bumblebee pollination
1. Temperature and humidity in the shed. It is required that the temperature in the shed be kept at 8 ℃ ～ 30 ℃, which is conducive to pollination by bumblebees. Humidity in the shed has a great influence on the activities of bumblebees, and the optimal relative humidity should be maintained at 70% to 80%. If the humidity is too high, the bumblebee is not very mobile, and the pollination quality is poor.
2. Number of bumblebees. A standard vegetable greenhouse (about 1 mu), generally a box of bumblebees can meet the pollination requirements.
3. Time to release bees. It can be put in 1-2 days before the flowering of the vegetables (when the number of flowers is about 5%). The bee release time in spring and autumn is generally from 8 am to 2 pm.
4. The location of the hive. The beehive is placed in the middle of the shed, about 1 meter high from the ground.
5. Cover the insect net. Nylon gauze is used to seal the vents of the shed to prevent bumblebees from flying out of the shed, resulting in a decrease in pollination efficiency. At the same time, prevent pests outside the shed from entering.
3. Application effect
1. Increase output. Bumblebee pollination masters the best time for pollination, with strong pollen vitality, high fruit setting rate of tomatoes, large seeds, good fruit development, strong and rapid growth, all solid fruits, a substantial increase in yield, an average increase of about 10%.
2. Improve the quality of tomatoes and increase output efficiency.
The bumblebee carries a lot of pollen and accurately falls on the stigma to make the tomato fertilize well and produce a large number of seeds. The tomatoes pollinated by bumblebees have a positive fruit shape, bright luster, rich juice, high solid content, full grain, natural and pure taste, which meets the green food production standards. Moreover, the rate of deformed fruits pollinated by bumblebees is 60% lower than that of the control shed. The rate reached 90%. Such tomatoes are easier to pack and store, reduce the working hours of packing and display, and are more popular with consumers. The price is more than 0.2 yuan higher than the selling price of tomatoes that do not use bumblebee pollination during the same period.
3. Save time and effort. Reduce the artificial dip flower operation, save artificial labor, reduce labor intensity, and avoid the improper concentration of hormone used in artificial pollination dip to cause fruit hormone phytotoxicity and poor commerciality. The agricultural operations of reducing fruit thinning and picking fruits are reduced. Xiong Feng pollinated tomatoes have an average fruit setting of 3 to 4 per ear, and the yield rate is over 90%.
4. Ensure product health. Use bumblebee pollination to avoid the use of hormones such as 2,4-D, anti-dropping factor, and dimethoate used for dipping flowers; the use of insect nets supporting bumblebee effectively prevents the entry of agricultural pests. Pyrethroid pesticides are only It needs to be applied in a small amount before putting bees to eliminate the pests in the shed; greatly reducing the occurrence probability and intensity of fungal and viral diseases. This reduces the use of medicines and ensures product health.
Fourth, pay attention to the problem
1. Bumblebee is more sensitive to chemicals. The bumblebee pollination shed, once using chemical pesticides, has a great impact on the bumblebee pollination activities. The greenhouse vegetables pollinated by bumble bees need to be reasonably controlled to choose and use chemical agents.
2. Plant growth regulators are widely used. The use of plant growth regulators such as 2,4-D, gibberellin and indoleacetic acid to preserve flowers and fruits is cheap, and the cost of bumblebees is higher. For some growers who have fewer vegetables in the greenhouse and do not consider personal labor costs, It is more difficult to promote.
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