With the advancement of science and technology, chemical fertilizers are developing in the direction of high concentration, compounding, and liquefaction. At the same time, research on slow- and controlled-release fertilizers has also been rapidly developed. Fertilizers play an important role in increasing crop yields. According to statistics from 1950 to 1970, the world’s grain has doubled, and in the increase of yield per unit area, the increase in fertilizer production accounts for 40%-70%, and the average per kg of fertilizer (pure nutrients) can increase grain production by 8-10kg. The statistical data of the experimental data of the long-term fertilizer positioning test sites in China for more than 10 years shows that the contribution rate of fertilization and chemical fertilizers to grain yield is 40.8% on average. (a) Nitrogen fertilizers: urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia sulfate, and ammonium chloride. 1, urea. Urea is also known as diamine carbonate, is amide nitrogen fertilizer, was white or slightly yellow particles or powdered crystals, containing 46% nitrogen, is a highly efficient solid nitrogen fertilizer. Soluble in water, soluble in water, urea molecules can be absorbed by crops through the leaves. After urea is applied to the soil, the conversion to ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate is very unstable, and it is easy to decompose free ammonia and volatilize. Therefore, when applying urea, apply a deep cover to prevent loss of nitrogen. Urea is suitable for all kinds of soils and all kinds of crops. It can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. It is generally not used as seed fertilizer to prevent burning. Top dressing is the best, followed by base fertilizer. When urea is used as the base fertilizer, the general dosage is controlled to be less than 80kg per hectare, and can be mixed evenly with phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace element fertilizer. The effect of urea as a top-dressing fertilizer is better than that of other nitrogen fertilizers. Because urea is a neutral organic compound, it does not burn the stems and leaves of crops. Spraying concentration: 1.5%-2% for grass crops, 0.5% for fruit trees, and 0.4%-0.8% for vegetable crops. Generally should be sprayed 2-3 times, spray once every 7-10 days, time is appropriate in the morning and evening. 2, ammonium sulfate referred to as ammonium sulfate. Most of them are white and fine crystals, containing 20%-21% of nitrogen. Hygroscopicity is small, not easy to agglomerate, belong to physiological acid fertilizer, in storage, transportation and storage, we should pay attention to moisture, ventilation, can not be mixed with alkaline substances. Because ammonium sulfate contains moderate amounts of elemental sulfur, the effect of ammonium sulfate production is better than that of elemental nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium sulfate is suitable for all kinds of crops and can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. Because it is a physiological acidic fertilizer, it is suitable for application on neutral soils, especially on alkaline soils. In our dry area, ammonium sulfate is more effective than base fertilizer, and 200 kg per hectare is suitable. Fertilizer can increase production by 10%-15% and 50-70kg per hectare. The best effect is to use paddy field as the base fertilizer. After application, it can be combined with paddy field or cultivator to make the mixture of fertilizer and soil suitable. The amount of 150-200 kg per hectare is more appropriate. (b) Phosphorus fertilizers: water-soluble phosphate fertilizers, weak acid phosphate fertilizers, and insoluble phosphate fertilizers. Water-soluble phosphate fertilizers mainly include: superphosphate and heavy superphosphate 1, superphosphate. Also called stone or calcium, containing 14% -20% of available phosphorus. An acidic fertilizer is the main raw material for the production of phosphorus in compound fertilizers. Superphosphate is suitable for various soils and various crops. The application effect on neutral or alkaline soil is better than that on acid soil, so the effectiveness in paddy field soil is higher than that in dry soil. Application method: Centralized application: Concentrated application of superphosphate near the rhizosphere, reducing the amount of available phosphorus fixed by the soil, increasing the concentration of phosphorus around the rhizosphere soil, favoring the absorption of the crop roots, and reducing the pH of the rhizosphere soil . Mixed application with organic: Can reduce the contact area between superphosphate and soil, reduce the fixation of water-soluble phosphorus, increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer. 2, heavy calcium phosphate. Abbreviated as heavy calcium, used to be called three materials. Contains 43%-46% of available phosphorus. The application method is basically the same as that of superphosphate, but the amount is relatively reduced by 65%-70%. (3) Potassium fertilizers: potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride. It is white or light yellow crystal and contains potassium K2O60%. It is a chemical neutral fertilizer and belongs to physiological acid fertilizer. Potassium chloride can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing, not as a fertilizer. The amount of base fertilizer is generally 100-150 kilograms per hectare. Since chloride ions in the potassium chloride adversely affect the quality of the chlorine-inhibiting crops, they cannot be applied. At present, only tobacco is a bogey crop and must not be used. Potatoes and sugar beets are sensitive to chlorine. If potassium chloride is not used excessively, there will be no impact on the quality of crops. For the fiber crops such as hemp and cotton, the fiber content and quality can be improved, and potassium chloride can be used as much as possible. Potassium chloride should not be applied to saline soil to avoid increasing salinization of the soil. 2, potassium sulfate. It is white or light yellow crystalline fines containing potassium K2O50% and also contains 18% sulfur. Sulfur-rich crucifer crops such as tobacco, potatoes, beets, watermelons, grapes and other crops. Potassium sulphate can be used as base fertilizer, top dressing, and also as seed fertilizer and top dressing. The amount of base fertilizer should be 120-180% kg per hectare, and the amount of fertilizer should be 50 kg per hectare, and the extra-root fertilizer should be sprayed on the leaf with a concentration of 1%-2%. In the more reducible paddy soil, the sulfate of potassium sulfate is easily reduced to hydrogen sulfide, which is toxic to rice. Potassium chloride is used in rice, corn, sorghum and other crops, which can reduce fertilizer costs and reduce investment. (D), Chinese and trace element fertilizers, trace elements including calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, molybdenum, iron are necessary for crops. 1, sulfur fertilizer. If the available sulfur in the soil is less than 16 mg/kg, the effect of sulfur production will be increased. The available sulfur is greater than 20 mg/kg of soil. Except for sulfur-like crops, sulfur fertilizer is not generally required. 2, zinc fertilizer. Zinc sulphate is common, white or pale gray white crystals, soluble in water. Can be used as a fertilizer or top dressing. 3, boron fertilizer. Boron fertilizer is commonly used borax, white crystal. Application of boron fertilizer must consider the soil, the effective boron in the soil is less than 0.5 mg per kg, the application of boron fertilizer has different degrees of increase in production. The crops that are sensitive to boron are sunflowers and beets. Boron fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and foliar spray. 4, molybdenum fertilizer. The commonly used molybdenum fertilizer is ammonium molybdate, containing 54% of molybdenum, easily soluble in water, showing greenish white crystals or powder. The effective molybdenum in soil increased with the increase of soil pH. The effective molybdenum content in the soil developed in the loess of Jilin Province is less than 0.15 mg/kg, and the application of molybdenum fertilizer is effective. Molybdenum-sensitive crops such as leguminous crops, especially soybeans, are better for applying molybdenum fertilizer. The application of molybdenum fertilizer such as peanuts is also good. Mo fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. (5) Compound fertilizers and compound fertilizers Compound fertilizers and compound fertilizers are referred to as compound fertilizers. Compound fertilizers contain a variety of nutrients that can reduce the number of fertilization and meet the needs of crops for nutrients in different soils. At present, there are more than 100 countries and regions in the world applying compound fertilizers. China began to pay attention to the use of compound fertilizers from the late 1970s. Jilin Province increased the number of applications from the early 1980s to the number of compound fertilizers. By the 1990s, the use of compound fertilizers reached more than 500,000 tons. Although the development and use of our compound fertilizers have lagged behind developed countries for 20 years, the outlook is very good. 1,] compound fertilizer. It is made by chemical methods and obvious chemical reactions occur during the production process. Such as diammonium phosphate (including N18%, P2O546%), monoammonium phosphate (containing N12%, containing P2O552%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate and so on. Ammonium phosphate is a phosphorus-based fertilizer and should first be applied to phosphorus-deficient soils and crops that require more phosphorus. 2, mixed fertilizer. Mixed fertilizer referred to as mixed fertilizer. It is a fertilizer made by mixing two or more simple fertilizers or compound fertilizers as raw materials by mechanical processing. It usually contains two or more major nutrients. Divided into powdered mixed fertilizer and granular mixed fertilizer. Mixed fertilizers are generally used as base fertilizer or seed fertilizer, and the application amount is determined by the concentration of mixed fertilizer and the nutrient content. For example: corn fertilizer, rice fertilizer and so on.
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