Raspberry breeding can be divided into two ways: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is the direct cultivation of seedlings after seed sowing, that is seedlings. As with other fruit trees, seedlings vary greatly, cannot maintain the characteristics of the original variety, and the results are relatively late. Therefore, they are mainly used to cultivate new varieties, and cannot be used to cultivate seedlings used in production. The seedlings for production must be propagated using asexual propagation methods to maintain the inherent characteristics of the varieties. The vegetative propagation of raspberry seedlings can be done by root seedlings, root strips, strips, ramets, cuttings, and tissue culture.
1 root breedingRootworm breeding is the simplest breeding method and the most widely used. Some species of red raspberry will have a large number of root seedlings in mid-May each year, and 4 to 5 instars will have the largest number of root seedlings and the best quality. In order to obtain high-quality root seedlings, it is necessary to strengthen the management of the mother plants, keep the soil moist, loose and nutritious, and sparse the dense and well-selected root seedlings, so that the distance between them is 10 to 15 Cm or so. If planted in the same year, the semi-woody root seedlings can be dug out in mid-June to be immediately planted. It is best to dig the seedlings on rainy days and plant them on rainy days. With a deep rooted transplant, the survival rate can reach more than 95%. If the plant is planted in the second year, the root seedlings can be planted before the cold season in the fall, planted in a place with no wind forest facilities and no water accumulation, and replanted in the middle of the second spring in April. It is also possible to plant the root seedlings directly in the planting hole after excavating the root seedlings in the autumn without going through the planting. When rooting seedlings, they should try their best to keep the root system intact. In the fall, the seedlings planted must be completely buried and protected against cold, so as to avoid stem drying.
2 root propagationRootstock breeding is simple and easy, obtaining a large number of seedlings. The excavation can be carried out at the same time as the excavation, ie digging the roots while excavating the lateral roots, or separately excavating roots 60 cm away from the mother plant. The roots with adventitious buds were selected and cut into 15 to 20 cm long root strips. The root strip thickness should be about 0.6 to 1 cm. Each 50 roots are bundled and buried in the wet sand in the pit. In the spring of the 2nd year, first prepare the breeding grounds, dig a ditch of 10 cm depth, connect the roots and put them flat on the bottom of the ditch, fill the ditch with soft humus, fully water it, and then cover it again on the ditch. ~ 8 cm thick manure, you can get new plants with good roots by autumn.
3 StripingFor species that rarely produce root pods, such as black raspberries, the basal branches can be used to produce root-touching roots.
3.1 The tipping black raspberry branches are prone to sagging, and the top buds are prone to rooting when they touch the ground. Therefore, in late July, the top shoot of new shoots can be covered with 1 layer of thin soil with a shovel, or a shallow groove of 5–6 cm depth can be dug near the mother plant. Then the top of the new shoot is bent at the bottom of the groove, and then covered. Less than 10 cm thick soil. In this way, a good root system can be quickly grown in the soil. New shoots are grown from the axillary buds on the ground. When the new plants are cut off from the mother plant at the end of the fall, an independent plant will be obtained.
3.2 The horizontal striping method is similar to the apex pressing method. The specific method is to dig a shallow ditch along the extension direction of the basal branches and bend the entire twigs in the ditch, which can be fixed with wooden hooks and then covered with loose soil. New shoots may occur between leaves and loquats, roots may be established at the base, and detached from the mother plant in the fall to form new plants.
4 Twig full light fog and cuttingRaspberry can also be bred with green branch cuttings. According to experiments conducted by Northeast Agricultural University, various parts of new raspberry shoots can be rooted and survived under conditions of moisturizing and shading. However, the seedlings did not have roots and seedlings. Light fog device can achieve better results. Generally 100 m2 seedling nursery seedlings 3 ~ 40,000, from cuttings to seedlings transplanting takes about 35 ~ 40 d. Mainly include the following technical links:
4. 1 Establishment of a seedbed for the selection of high dryness, well-drained, well-lit places, and the installation of pipes and sprinklers can be made with mist-smearing equipment manufactured by the Chinese Academy of Forestry or other units, or it can be self-made. The bottom layer of the seedbed is l5 cm thick with coarse cinder or vermiculite, the middle layer is paved with l0 cm coarse sand, the upper layer is covered with 15 cm fine sand, and 0.2% potassium permanganate solution is sprayed and disinfected prior to cutting.
4. 2 Cutting Collection and Processing
From May to June, the strong, semi-lignified green shoots of the year were selected from the mother tree as cuttings, cut into 10 to 15 cm long (2 to 3 internodes), with a few leaves on top and treated with rooting powder.
4. 3 Cutting and Post-insertion Management
Cutting depth of 4 ~ 6 cm, spacing of 3 ~ 5 cm6 ~ 8 cm is appropriate, immediately after the watering, and open the fog device spray. Within 15 days after cutting, it is generally sprayed 5 to 10 minutes, and sprayed at 1 to 2 hours at night; after half a month, the spraying interval is prolonged gradually. After 20 days, it is sprayed 2 to 4 hours, and sprayed or sprayed at night. 1 month or so to stop spraying water, hardening seedlings 7 ~ 10 d can be transplanted. Spraying conditions also need to be flexibly controlled according to the weather conditions and cannot be dogmatic. In order to prevent the cuttings from rot, spray 800 times of carbendazim every other week from the day of cutting, spraying 2 or 3 times. After 10 days of cutting, 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for foliar application to promote new root growth.
4. 4 Transplanting
Before transplanting, the land will be well-prepared, enough basal fertilizer will be applied and watered after planting. After transplanting, use shading net shade 2 ~ 3 d, preferably on a cloudy day or early evening transplanting, after planting noon spray 1 ~ 3 times, with the seedlings with transplanting. Pour the second water 7-10 days after planting. After the management, the same as the conventional nursery, the garden can be used for production after the fall.
5 BreedingRed raspberries are prone to basal shoots, while basal shoots are easy to grow roots. Therefore, basal shoots can be cut by about 30 cm before sprouting in the spring or after the end of the fall, and then the raspberry clusters will be dug and will have good root systems. The basal branches are separated one by one, and each rooted shoot is a new plant. This kind of propagation method is to propagate in different plants. This method is mostly used in the old garden to renew, and the root system of the seedlings propagated by this method has weak vigor. After the ramets, they should be directly planted to avoid affecting the survival rate. This method is rarely used in production.
6 Tissue cultureThe use of plant organs, tissues or cells, aseptically inoculated on artificially prepared medium, cultured under certain light and temperature conditions, so that the growth and development techniques are collectively referred to as plant tissue culture, also known as ex vivo to cultivate. Using this method, seedlings can be rapidly propagated, often used for seedling shortages or for the rapid growth of good individuals. The use of plant tissue roots, stems, leaves, flowers and young fruit tissue culture is one of the contents of in vitro culture. The culture material used in ex vivo culture is called an explant. For example, the shoot tip (the point of growth of the shoot) used for the shoot tip culture of the fruit berry is the explant. The initial culture of explants is called primary culture, and the plants obtained in the primary culture are transplanted into fresh culture medium. This culture of repeated transplantation is called subculture. In the stem tip culture of the fruit berry, the stem tip is inoculated on a culture medium artificially cultivated. Under suitable conditions of temperature, light, etc., the differentiated plantlets are induced by the primary culture, and the number of propagation of the plantlets is expanded through multiple subcultures. After rooting culture, the process of domesticating and transplanting finally bred the seedlings. Stem tip reproduction is more meaningful for the reproduction of tree species that are difficult to plant. At present, many international fruit trees have gradually adopted tissue culture seedlings, and hundreds of plant-based production lines for production of tissue culture plants have been established. Moreover, some countries with advanced production of berry fruits have begun to pay attention to research on berry virus disease. , And promote the use of non-toxic seedlings in the production, tissue culture and reproduction will become an important means for the future tree berry seedlings.
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