Biopesticides, Emerging Agricultural New Technologies

Some experts asserted that in the 21st century, biopesticide technology will be explosive globally. According to the survey data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), cereals taken from pests and diseases globally account for 20% to 30% of the harvest each year, resulting in economic losses of US$120 billion. “In order to deal with increasingly complex pests and diseases, countries around the world must produce more than 2 million tons of chemical pesticides every year. A considerable part of these chemical pesticides are highly toxic and high residues. There is no doubt that the rise of biological pesticides has become a development trend and trend.” 863 Program “ Dr. Dewen De, who is responsible for the research and product development of the key new technologies for multifunctional biopesticides, said. Biopesticides themselves already exist in nature. “Chemical pesticides tend to remain on the surface of plants and in the soil. They are not easily degraded. They will enter rivers and rivers as a result of rainwater, kill fish, and they can also be stored in animals such as fish. People eat it easily. It produces chronic poisoning and can even cause cancer," said Qiu Dewen. Biopesticides mainly refer to various biologically active natural substances that exist in nature and have inhibitory effects on crop pests and diseases. People are screened, tested, analyzed, fermented (reproduced) and formulated to obtain environmentally friendly biological products. The use of pathogenic microorganisms such as various fungi, bacteria, and viruses inhibits the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests. These pathogenic microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature. It will not cause harm to people and the environment. Compared with chemical pesticides, biopesticides are slow to take effect and generally take 7 to 10 days to be effective because they work through biological pathways such as biological parasitization, proliferation, and metabolism. "Although chemical drugs are effective, they can easily make insects resistant to insects. As a result, the concentration of pesticides used is getting higher and higher, the dose is getting bigger and bigger, and the pollution to the environment is becoming more and more serious. While biological pesticides are environmentally friendly and safe, It is not easy to make insects resistant to insects and have ecological protection.” Qiu Dewen said. Although the production costs of biopesticides themselves are slightly higher than those of chemical pesticides, the benefits they bring are inestimable. They can be widely used in the production of green foods and organic foods, improve the quality of crops, increase the value of commodities, and create a greater economy. benefit. Qiu Dewen made an analogy. At present, the market price of green vegetables or organic vegetables is ten times higher than that of using chemical pesticides. For example, the price of organic strawberries for export to the European Union is 6 yuan/kg, and that of strawberries using conventional chemical pesticides is 0.6 yuan. /kg. Biological pesticides are the focus of international agricultural high-tech competition Research and development of biological pesticides has always been one of the focuses of competition in the international high-tech fields. Many developed countries actively support the research and development of biological pesticides, and large international enterprise groups have invested heavily in technology development. Commercial production is expected to occupy a commanding height in international competition and grasp the initiative of development. "Now, biological pesticides are used more and more widely in agricultural production and have achieved good results," said Qiu Dewen. China is a big agricultural country. The economic losses caused by crop pests and diseases every year are huge. Moreover, due to the abuse of chemical pesticides, frequent human and livestock poisoning incidents, the ecological environment has been severely damaged, and environmental pollution has become increasingly serious. In addition, there is a big difference between China and some developed countries. Many pesticides used in agriculture in China are highly toxic or highly toxic, and some developed countries use very different types of pesticides in agricultural production. Low toxicity, non-toxic and biological pesticides and other levels, so the development of biological pesticides is more meaningful to China. “Now, biopesticides in some countries have accounted for 5% to 10% of pesticide production, while our country is only about 1%.” said Dr. Qiu. "After China's accession to the WTO, people's living standards have been continuously improved and higher demands have been placed on the production of green agricultural products. Bio-pesticides have also become one of the key technologies for the safe production of agricultural products and environmental protection, and they have achieved high-quality, high-yield and high-efficiency production of agricultural products. Sustainability is of great significance.” In 2003, the project “Key Technology Research and Product Development of New Multifunctional Biopesticides” was included in the National 863 Plan. Protein pesticides as the main direction of attack "Our project mainly focuses on the development of key technologies in biological pesticides, including protein pesticides, streptomycete antibiotic pesticides, bacteria and fungi and live pesticides." Qiu Dewen said, "One of the main directions of the project is Developed fungal source plant activator pesticides.” Fungal plant activator protein is a thermostable protein proposed by fungi. It consists of proteins with different molecular weights of 35-68KD and can induce and activate plant resistance to diseases and insect pests and metabolism. The growth system promotes plant growth, improves crop quality, and increases crop yields. After treatment with fungal activating protein, the contents of proline, peroxidase, and root dehydrogenase in the plant increased. These enzymes are directly related to plant stress resistance. Activation and induction of increased activity of these enzymes means that the plant's resistance to disease and stress is enhanced. After studying the physicochemical properties and properties of fungal activating proteins, the project team has selected a number of experimental studies to select protein stabilizers and protein protectors suitable for the production of biological pesticide formulations, and developed a 3% activator wettable powder. "The plant activator protein preparations we developed can be stably stored at room temperature for more than two years after vacuum packaging. The production process is simple, the cost is low, and the effective period is long. It can be widely used for the efficient, high-quality and pollution-free production of a variety of crops. The plant activator 3% wettable powder is soluble in 500-fold or 1000-fold water and can be used for soaking, rooting and foliar spraying of plants. In the past three years, indoor potting and field experiments on citrus, Chinese cabbage, strawberry, pepper and watermelon have shown that the control effect on plant diseases and insect pests is 40%-80%, and the crop yield is increased by 10%-20%. ■ Link understanding of novel biological pesticides—Plant activator plant activator protein: As a new type of biopesticide, it has the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity, and low residue. After extensive use of activated protein, it can significantly reduce the number and usage of chemical pesticides, not only It can increase production and increase income, increase the added value of agricultural products, and at the same time it will have a good role in promoting the protection of the ecological environment and food safety. The mechanism of action of plant-activated proteins is to activate the plant's own defense system and increase the disease-resistance of the plant. After the activated protein is widely used, it can significantly reduce the number and usage of chemical pesticides, not only increase production and income, but also increase the added value of agricultural products. It will have a good role in promoting the protection of the ecological environment and food safety. The main object of plant activator protein pesticides prevention and control: plant virus disease, the disease occurs in a large area, its loss up to 5-20%. At present, there is a lack of effective drugs for prevention and control. Activation of protein pesticides can effectively control cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus disease, and can significantly increase production. Other economic and social benefits analysis and review of the “Key Technology Research and Product Development of New Multifunctional Biological Pesticides” project: The activator protein producing bacteria were previously used to ferment and produce microorganisms such as corn or potato starch. Now the research team has switched to more For the cheap sweet potato flour, through the improvement of fermentation technology, the fermentation cost is reduced by a factor of two compared to the original, and the production cost of plant-activated protein is greatly reduced. The development of the biocontrol bacteria against P. lilacinus was undertaken by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. A cheap functional culture medium with shrimp crab shell as the main ingredient was successfully developed. The culture medium is animal nutrition, rich in nutrients, and non-toxic and environmentally friendly. The characteristics; apply on the crop with disease prevention, nutrition, promote multiple effects. The Streptomyces antibiotic preparation developed by Hebei Agricultural University has a 70-90% control effect on melons and wheat powdery mildew, and is a new type of biopesticide for the production of mellow vegetables and wheat without pollution. The total area of ​​the three-year demonstration has reached a total of 630,000 mu, with a social benefit of 54.194 million yuan. The microbial fungicide BC98-I, developed by the Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, not only prevents vegetables and melons from spreading diseases, but also has a preventive effect on soil-borne diseases of flowers and lawns. ■ Number 863 “The key technology research and product development of new multi-functional biological pesticides” project group has applied for five patents 1. “Promoting Plant Growth and Enhancing Plant Disease Resistance Proteins and Their Synthetic Genes” 2. “Plant Disease Prevention Preparation and preparation process of insect-preserving bioprotein wettable powder" 3. "Application of fungal activating protein in bio-insecticide" 4. "A strain of Bacillus cereus and method for producing microbial bactericide using this strain" 5. "A new strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus and its use in the preparation of nematocides using shrimp shells" International exchanges frequently from 2000 to 2003, Dr. Li Yaning in the Department of Soil Crop Science, Texas A&MUniv., Texas, USA The Institute of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology is engaged in plant physics, gene library construction, cloning and sequencing. In July 2004, Associate Professor Liu Zhanliang went to the laboratory of antibiotic biosynthesis at the University of Turku in Finland to conduct gene cloning and functional analysis of related streptomycete control factors. Returned in July 2005. In August 2004, Professor Liu Daqun participated in the International Conference on Potato Scab in Japan and gave a report at the conference. In September 2004, Linda Kinkel, PhD in Phytopathology at the University of Minnesota, USA, came to the laboratory to teach research in plant pathology and environmental resources. In June 2005, Dr. Qiu Dewen participated in the Second Asian Phytopathology Conference held in Singapore. In the speech of the conference, the disease-resistance and yield-increasing effects of plant-activated protein were discussed. Associate Professor Li Yaning made a report on plant molecular marker work at the conference. Talent training The 863 project team led by Dr. Qiu trained a large number of talents. During the implementation period of the project, 11 doctoral students and 28 master students were enrolled, 1 doctoral degree, 15 masters degrees, and 1 postdoctoral fellow. (Zhou Qingchun)

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