Occurrence and Control Measures of Kiwi Peptic Disease

Kiwifruit canker is a devastating disease that seriously threatens the production and development of kiwifruit. The main damage to leaves, fruits and vines, seriously affect the fruit yield and fruit quality. In recent years, with the increase of introduced areas in Taihe, Jieshou and other counties and cities in Huaibei area, the disease has been spreading.
First, the onset of disease symptoms began with the stem vine shoots, lenticels, deciduous marks, branch bifurcation, watery stains at the beginning, after the lesions expand, the color deepens, the cortex and xylem segregation, hand pressure was soft. In the posterior disease, the cortex of the diseased area was linear and cracked, and the stream was cleared of white mucus. The mucus soon turned reddish-brown. Lesions can rapidly expand around the stem, with a knife cut open the stem, cortex and pith brown, pith filled with milky white pus. The upper branches of the culprit wilting died. After onset of the basal part, after the upper shoots die, near the ground or rootstock, new branches can be sprouted, and the leaves become ill. The diseased part first forms a red dot, the periphery has an invisible yellow halo, and the back dot enlarges to 2 to 3 mm. Irregular dark green lesions, dark green leaves, yellow halo obvious, width of about 2 ~ 5 mm, can be quickly expanded to water in the humid conditions, large spots, due to lesions limited by veins become polygonal. The lesions produced in autumn are dark purple or dark brown and the halos are narrow.
Second, the incidence of the disease is a bacterial disease, is caused by the genus Bacillus genus of genus Bacillus strains of kiwi infection. The pathogens mainly overwinter on diseased shoots, and they can also overwinter in the soil with the diseased body. In the spring, pathogenic bacteria overflows from the diseased area and is transmitted by wind shear, insects, or spring pruning and other agricultural operations. It is invaded by the stomata, pores, lenticels and wounds of the plants. The incubation period is usually 4 to 6 days. According to observations, in early April, old lesions began to recur, and wounds and lenticels of diseased plants showed water-fat-like spots. During the middle and early May, pathogenic bacteria had a heightened period of disease, and lesions expanded. Liquid, rainy weather, a large number of bacteria spilled, repeated infections continue to occur. In June, with the increase of temperature, the activity of the bacteria increased, the transmission of the tissue was severely damaged, and wilting began to appear. After mid-August, the diseased plants improved, and the wounds of the lightly infected plants gradually healed to form ulcers and the pathogens lagged over the winter. The disease spreads through long distances mainly through seedlings, scions and other planting materials and fruits. The time to live in the soil is generally more than 5 months.
The disease is more vulnerable to seedlings than forests, the older the tree, the lighter the disease. High temperature conditions are conducive to disease. When the temperature is in the range of 20-36°C and the surface of the host tissue remains wet for more than 20 minutes, the bacteria invade the disease. Therefore, the rainfall and precipitation periods become the determinants of the epidemic.
The pathogen only infects the young host tissues, and the old mature organs are not susceptible or susceptible to disease. After the shoots stop growing or the fruits are shaped, the skin tissue no longer forms pores, and the original pores gradually tend to be old and mature. Therefore, removal of summer shoots and control of the growth of autumn shoots in orchards caused a significant reduction in canker disease. Rational fertilization management and proper pruning can reduce the growth of summer shoots and significantly reduce the occurrence of ulcer disease. The incidence of potassium application is lighter than that of single nitrogen fertilizer.
Third, the incidence characteristics
1. Relationship with selected species According to investigations and inoculation experiments, the incidence of wild plants, male plants, and rootstocks (real seedlings) is very light. 79-3, 79-09 species are more susceptible, 79-1, 78-16, 79-5 is more disease-resistant and has a lower incidence. The susceptibility of the species is closely related to the density of stomatal distribution and the size of the stomata gap.
2. Relationship with the slope direction of the forest land According to the survey, the disease occurs in the stands of shady slopes, semi-shady slopes or mountain valleys. Among them, the low-lying valleys and the plots of stagnant water are heavier.
3. Relationship with meteorological factors The disease is characterized by high humidity and low temperature resistance. The occurrence of the disease depends on the humidity in the atmosphere. The disease is more severe in wet and rainy years, and less severe in dry years.
4. Relationship with canopy closure The disease victimization program increases with forest canopy closure. The higher the density, the higher the chance of occurrence.
5. Relationship with tree age The incidence of bovine kiwifruit in 4 to 5 years is more than 20%, and the incidence rate in 1 to 3 years is much higher than 40%, which is related to the old stomata of old skin.
Fourth, prevention and control measures
1. Seedling quarantine measures It is forbidden to draw seedlings from the epidemic area, and seedlings should be treated with seedlings. Disinfection treatment method is: Add 1% alcohol with 700 units of streptomycin solution per milliliter as an adjuvant and sterilize for one and a half hours.
2. Cultivation of disease-free seedlings Scion buds must be selected from disease-free or disease-free orchards. If selected from the ward, strict disinfection should be performed. During the nursery period, the pest control work was strengthened, and the diseased seedlings were found to be immediately removed and burned, and the surrounding healthy seedlings were sprayed. The seedlings for sale must be inspected strictly to prevent the spread of the disease and spread to the outside world.
3. Strengthen tending management, breed disease-resistant varieties In the winter, the litters with pathogens will be burned in a concentrated manner. In early spring, pruning and removing diseased and diseased branches, diseased leaves, leggy branches, and lower branches will be used to reduce the source of infectious diseases. Wherever conditions permit, summer shoots should be removed. It is necessary to attach importance to breeding, breeding and planting disease-resistant varieties, phase out susceptible varieties, and fundamentally improve the resistance of high-quality varieties to ulcer disease.
4. Chemical control After fruit collection or before winter, combine with orchard pruning, generally spray 1 to 2 times Baume 0.3 to 0.5 degree lime sulfur or 1:1: 100 Bordeaux mixture; after spring, it can be sprayed before sprouting. 1:1:100 Bordeaux fluid or 50% DT wettable powder 500 times; after germination to Xie Tao period can be sprayed with streptomycin 250 mg/kg, or 70% DT square meters wettable powder 1000 times or 50% oxygen Chlorine-copper wettable powder 500 to 800 times squeezing, spraying once every 10 days; when the bacterium overflows from the trunk, smear the diseased area with streptomycin 300 mg/kg.

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