How is bitter gourd planted? Bitter gourd eats heat and detoxification in summer and is very healthy. So what are the cultivation points of the bitter gourd in the autumn after the autumn? Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of autumn and post-mortem in the southern bitter melon greenhouse.
1 sowing seedlings
1.1 Sowing date selection
In the southern region, bitter gourd is cultivated, which is usually planted in the middle and late July, using seedlings for seedlings or seedlings for nutrition.
1.2 finishing the seedbed
Choose Futian deep to turn the soil, after roasting, break the soil, and disinfect the bed soil with formaldehyde, dexamethasone, and bacteria. The seedbed is made into a deep trench high sorghum, with a width of 1.2 meters, a height of 0.3 meters, a width of 0.4 meters, a flattening of the surface, and a high temperature septic disinfection for 2 to 3 days. Cover the shed film 1 to 2 days before sowing and cover the Sunshade Net, then surround the insect net.
1.3 seed disinfection and germination
Bitter gourd seed coat is hard, need to be sun-dried for 2 to 3 hours 2 days before sowing; then soaked in warm soup, soaked in warm water at about 55 °C for 10 to 15 minutes, and continue to stir until the water temperature drops to 30 °C, keep Soak for 4 to 5 hours at constant temperature. After soaking the seeds, remove the seeds, gently remove the seed coat mucus, wash with water, drain the water, then wrap it with a cleaned wet towel, place it in a 30 ° C incubator to germination, until the seeds are slightly exposed Can be sown. Due to the different germination speed of bitter gourd seeds, the shoots should be picked first for sowing.
1.4 seedling methods
The seedling cultivation method of bitter gourd after autumn extension can be carried out by using seedlings or seedlings in addition to seedlings. The technical points are as follows:
1 plug tray seedlings.
Preparation of the substrate: After the autumn extension, bitter gourd should adopt seedling tray seedlings. The substrate should be edible fungus residue, decomposed pig manure residue, charred chaff or high quality grass charcoal and fine sand, mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1:1. Ling or formaldehyde disinfection, sealed stacking for 5 to 7 days, then add 2 kg of compound fertilizer per cubic meter of matrix, 2 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, mix well for use.
Seeding: 32 holes are selected. If the old tray is used, disinfection is required. The substrate is placed on the tray 1 day before sowing and water is poured to prepare for sowing. Seed 1 seed at each hole, place the seeds flat, use a watering can to drench the water, cover the shade net.
2 nutrition é’µ seedlings.
Nutrient soil configuration: The nutrient soil is selected from the high-quality vegetable garden soil or the fertile sandy soil rice field which has not been planted in 3 years, and the decomposed pig manure residue, carbonized chaff or decomposed grass ash as the base material, according to 6: Mix in a ratio of 3:1, add appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and mix well. Disinfect with carbendazim or dexamethasone. Seal the membrane for 5-7 days and sieve for use. Seeding and seedling: 7 days before sowing, the seedbed is cleaned, the nutrition is sterilized, the nutrient soil is installed, and the seed of the bud is broadcasted into the nutrient bowl in the sunny afternoon. Each seed is covered with 1 cm of nutrient soil, and the water is veneered. Cover the shade net to moisturize.
3 grafting seedlings.
Grafting timing: black seed pumpkin or melon is used as rootstock to disinfect nutrient mash and plug. The rootstock is sown in the sputum and tray 3 days in advance, and the seedlings are seeded with seedlings. The best grafting period of the rootstock is one leaf and one heart, and the best grafting period of the scion is the cotyledonary stage.
Grafting method: The rootstock and the scion are drenched in water one day before grafting, and the fungicide is sprayed on the leaf surface. Choose sunny days and graft under shading conditions. The grafting methods include plugging, cutting, and the like.
Grafting management: Immediately after grafting, move to the seedbed, pour the water, and cover it with “agricultural film + sunshade net†for heat preservation, moisturizing and shading treatment. After 3 days of grafting, it is necessary to cover the shade and keep warm and moisturize throughout the day. After that, it will be shaded from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm every day depending on the weather. The daytime temperature in the small arch shed is controlled at 32 ° C, 20 ° C at night, and the relative humidity is controlled at about 90%. After 7 days, I saw the light all day, gradually ventilating and cooling the seedlings, keeping the temperature at around 25 °C during the day and above 15 °C at night. After 10 to 15 days of grafting, the grafting clips are removed. After the grafted seedlings survive, the sprouts of the rootstocks are removed in time. At the same time, the disease prevention is prevented, and the seedlings are prevented from growing. If the insect pests are found, the spray is suitable for spraying.
1.5 seedling management
After the autumn delay, the seedling raising time is short, and the seedlings grow fast, mainly focusing on shading and moisturizing, preventing the lengthening. Do a good job of preventing high temperature, drought, rainstorm and pest control.
Light management: When the seedlings are arched, the veneer net is removed. The cover was removed 5 days before planting to refine the seedlings at room temperature, so that the seedlings gradually adapted to the environmental conditions after planting.
Topdressing management: Under the conditions of sufficient nutrient sputum and potting fertilizer, it is generally no longer fertilized after emergence from seedling to planting. If the seedlings are poor, 0.3% compound fertilizer can be used for top dressing, and the whole seedling stage is applied 2 to 3 times.
Watering management: Plugging and nutrition seedlings are prone to water loss. When the soil is white and the seedlings are wilting, they can be properly watered. When the temperature is cool in the early morning and evening, watering can be sprinkled with watering can, and the nutrient soil and the hole are often kept inside. The disc substrate is "semi-dry and semi-wet".
Pest control: In order to cultivate strong seedlings, yellow plates are hung in the shed, and insecticidal lamps are installed outside the shed, which can play a good pest control effect. The main diseases in the seedling stage include blight, stagnation, soft rot, etc., and the prevention of carbendazim and senseng zinc is generally applied after emergence. Watering before transplanting is convenient for seedling transplanting.
2 transplanting and planting
2.1 Select soil
Choose a plot with deep soil, loose and fertile soil, strong fertilizer and water retention capacity, good drainage conditions and no pollution. The soil pH is 5.5-6.5, and the soil is sandy loam or loam. It is still necessary to plant cruciferous and melon vegetables for 2 years in the selected plots, and try to avoid the former leek fields such as tomato, pepper and zucchini with serious viral diseases. If it is an old vegetable field, it is necessary to use strict lime to carry out strict soil disinfection and acid adjustment.
2.2 Soil preparation and fertilization
Deeply turn the soil 10 days before transplanting, after drying the soil, 100 kg of lime per acre, or 1.5 kg of 50% carbendazim WP, or 1.5 kg of 50% thiophanate-methyl WP, evenly sprinkle Apply and deep into the soil for soil disinfection, and apply 500 grams of phoxim to control underground pests. 5 to 7 days before transplanting, 5 000 kg of farmyard manure or manure fertilizer per mu, and 100 kg of compound fertilizer are used as base fertilizer, and then the greenhouse film is buckled for high temperature suffocation disinfection.
2.3 Fine work
1 to 2 days before transplanting, remove the skirt film, make a deep ditch sorghum, cover the mulch, cover 1.2 m wide, 0.3 m deep and 0.4 m wide; then cover the sunshade net, surround the insect net, and wait for planting.
2.4 colonization
Planting period: suitable for seedling age is three-leaf one heart or four leaves one heart, grafted seedlings can be planted after survival, robust seedlings require plant height 15-20 cm, stem diameter 0.4-0.5 cm, short internodes, cotyledons intact, true leaves flat Slightly upturned, thick leaves, green leaves, no pests and diseases, roots developed.
Planting specifications: 2 lines per raft, 1 plant per hole, plant spacing 40-50 cm, row spacing 80 cm, planting 1 800-2200 plants per acre.
Colonization method: choose to plant in sunny afternoon, should not be too deep when planting, so that the seedling cotyledons are slightly higher than the surface of 0.5~1.0 cm, and the root water is poured. After that, watering according to the seedlings, keep the soil moist until the seedlings live.
3 Management after planting
3.1 pouring slow seedling water
After planting, when the topsoil is semi-dry and semi-wet, the seedling water is poured once.
3.2 shading and cooling
In the early stage of growth, the sunshade net is used to cover the cooling and moisturizing. During the daytime, the temperature in the shed is controlled at 26-30 °C, and at night it is maintained at about 15 °C, and the relative humidity of the air is maintained at about 70%. Pay attention to ventilation and ventilation to prevent the temperature from being too high.
3.3 scaffolding
After 1 week of planting, take the "well" frame or the "person" frame to guide the vines. There are two methods:
Bamboo rafting: When vines are smashed to 40 cm, the vines are tied with plastic ropes.
Sling rope introduction: Pull a wire at a height of 160 cm from the kneading surface on the scaffolding and planting rows. Each line is erected with bamboo rafts and reinforced by 10 meters. The polypropylene plastic rope hangs and keeps the natural drooping state. Corresponding to one rope, when the vine is 40 cm long, the vine is roped and wound once every 1-2 days.
3.4 combined with vines for pruning
The side branches, tendrils, and lower bottom leaves of the main vines below 9 knots are all removed, and more than 10 knots are left. Two strong side vines are hanged with the main vines, and the side vines that occur afterwards are left. The melon is cut off from the base.
3.5 control water and strong seedlings
Before the flowering and fruiting period, the temperature is higher, and the water management is mainly controlled. Watering should be done in the morning and evening, and it is better to use light pouring and pouring, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriately increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
3.6 sitting on fruit fertilizer
After flowering and fruit setting, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer and water, and apply 40 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per acre as fruit-bearing fertilizer.
3.7 artificial pollination
Bitter gourd is a monoecious plant, which is cultivated in autumn and then cultivated into October. It is necessary to manually assist pollination to sit on the melon. Artificial pollination is carried out on sunny days from 9 to 11 am. Generally, one male flower can be coated with 2 to 3 female flowers. If the conditions permit, take the bee pollination, the effect will be better.
3.8 cold insulation
After mid-October, due to the sharp drop in temperature, the management is turned into cold-proof insulation, and the skirt is covered in time. The sunny day sunshine should be fully utilized. The temperature in the shed is kept at 26~30°C during the day and 13-15 at night. °C.
When the minimum temperature in the night is lower than 12 °C, the air release time is reduced during the day, so that the temperature is kept high at night and the bitter gourd growth time is prolonged.
3.9 to excess female flowers
If there are 2 female flowers on the branches at all levels, the lower female flowers are removed and the upper female flowers are retained.
10. In addition to the tendrils, old leaves and weed plants entering the vigorous growth period, it is necessary to remove the ineffective weak side vines, tendrils, old leaves and field weeds in order to increase the amount of ventilation and light transmission, and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
4 harvesting
4.1 entering the harvest
Bitter gourd and melon can be eaten, and the harvesting standards are not strict. In order to ensure the quality of food, increase the yield, harvest more medium-sized melons. Generally, 12 to 15 days after flowering is a suitable harvesting period, and should be harvested in time.
4.2 strong fruit fertilizer
During the harvest period, the fertilizer and water should be sufficient. After each harvest, no white water should be poured. Generally, the water should be topdressed 2 to 3 times, 20% of the mature manure water per acre can be poured 500-600 kg, or 10 kg of urea or three can be poured. Yuan compound fertilizer to extend the harvest period and increase production. It can also be combined with spraying, and foliar fertilization is carried out 2 to 3 times with 0.2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution.
The above is all the contents of today. The farmers in the southern region are coming to study and see, and want to learn other agricultural skills? It doesn't matter, download the mobile phone Huonong APP!
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