In Zhaoyuan City, Shandong Province and even on the Jiaodong Peninsula, apple trees account for more than half of the entire apple planting area in the ageing period of more than 20 years. This part of the tree is incomplete, with missing main branches, and with fewer backs, low yield and poor quality. . How to rejuvenate the aging Apple Orchard? Through several years of hard work, we have carried out a series of technological innovations. The demonstration park has achieved more than 80% of the fine quality fruit with a yield of over 3500 kg per mu and over 80 mm, reaching the goal that the old tree is not old and the age is high. The relevant innovation supporting technologies are summarized below for reference.
First, re-arrange the tree structure, re-arranged the main branch groups, to reach the old tree branches tender
In the aging period, most of the apple trees are off the main branch, the lateral branches are large, the main branch branches are large, the internal branches are empty, the tree head is too high, the thin and weak branches behind the internal malleolus, the peripheral results are hollow, and the light of the fruit is poor. Heavy, red spot black spots, these are all related to pruning. To reconstruct a tree structure with high quality and high yield, we must make adjustments to re-arrange groups and individual structures, rationally adjust the number and size of main branches and branches, and increase the proportion of light, so that all branches and leaves can be “sunbathed†to maximize the use of light. In order to obtain maximum nutrient accumulation, reduce the concentration of nutrients in the branches. Special emphasis is placed on the use of good results and the results of leaving large shoots. The specific measures are as follows:
1. Give dry. That is, "pull off." As in the past, the pruning generally adopted the low-dry dwarf tree shape, the three main branches were generally low, the main branch was too low light, the susceptible worms, and the management was inconvenient. Therefore, in the pruning, the main branch below 60 cm should be removed first to solve the "under light."
2. Select the main branch. That is, boneless stems. Most fruit trees have too many main branches, reaching 7-9 or even more. They are crowded with each other. Generally, 4-6 main branches of a tree are left. From the perspective of the tree, the main branch between the plant and the plant, between the rows and the rows does not meet, does not cross, does not overlap, which main branch cuts off where there is no space, and some trees may leave 2-3 main branches. In short, judging from the whole garden, each main branch must fully see the light and solve the "sidelight."
3. Cut the big side. That is, "cut ears." Most of the orchard collaterals are generally larger, form a big fan, block a large piece of light, the fruit color is poor, therefore, the side branches of the main branch that are thicker than the shank handle should be sorted out for 2-3 years to further solve the “sidelightâ€.
4. Drop the head. That is, "open skylight." Excessive trees are like big hats on their heads, affecting the light in the lower part of the tree, causing the entire tree to fail. Therefore, for trees over 3.5 meters in height, head down at a suitable place to solve the "glazing".
5. Adjust the angle. For the main branch angle under the front of the head bent over 120 degrees to take the rear branch or head stick to raise the main branch angle to reach the level of the state, to prevent the main arch of the former head bow, the back of the strip will not result; Branch angle less than 80 degrees should be opened when the sap flow in the growing season is easy to open the angle; for the branch group angle is not good or the growth is more prosperous, we must take "big pull, small take, disobedient head down "Let's pull the big one to the place where there is space, and the small, vigorously growing summer lychee will soften the branch, and the lychee will not be able to handle the branch and will pull it upside down." This can "slow down the trend".
6. Uniaxial extension, rational arrangement. The uniaxial extension should be adopted for the large, medium and small branch groups, leaving a strong leading branch and not overlapping each other to ensure smooth transport of water and nutrients. Branches should be arranged on the main branch to be reasonable, reaching "a large two small, a dense two thin," that is, the middle branch of the main branch is large and dense, the front and base are small and thin, to ensure that "branches see the light."
7. Stay back on both sides. After entering a large number of fruiting periods, the growth potential of the tree gradually declines, but the advantage on the back is still more obvious. In the pruning, the advantage of the back should be fully utilized to transform into flowers, to prevent the occurrence of strips, to stay on the back branches, and to remove the back branches as much as possible. Leave 20 cm apart, and then pull each other on both sides of the back, so that the back branches are evenly distributed on the back and sides of the main branch. Practice has proved that the quality of the results of flowering on the back branches is significantly higher than that on the back and on both sides of the original branches, which exerts the only advantage of the old trees.
8. Summer injury. Generally speaking, the growth of the back branches should not be controlled. Therefore, corresponding measures must be taken. First, when cutting in the spring, the larger and thicker back branch should be cut 1/4-1/3 from the base with a hand saw to control the growth, but it must not be sawed before winter to prevent long-term water loss. Dead branches; Second, after germination, the branches on the back of Wang Wang girdling, weakening growth to facilitate flowering.
9. Protect the wound. The trees are weak and more susceptible to water loss and rot infection. Therefore, apply a wound healing agent to all the saw cuts so that one can be cut and one level of care can be achieved.
Second, increase the input of organic and inorganic fertilizers, increase the proportion of nitrogen and calcium, and promote the development of trees
The senescence tree, which has been fixed in a place for a long period of time, has taken away a large amount of soil nutrients and is not suitable for tree growth. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the input of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. At the same time, the root absorption capacity is poor, and the tree is weak. It is necessary to properly increase the use of nitrogen fertilizer and calcium fertilizer so that the tree will “return old ageâ€.
According to our experience, in the use of organic fertilizer, it is necessary to increase the cost of the production. In general, high-quality organic fertilizer such as chickens, pigs, sheep, cattle, human waste, etc. shall be no less than 5 cubic meters. Because organic fertilizers are all nutrients and fertilizers are insufficient for organic fertilizers, one is to use grass as a fertilizer to use cheap crop stalks, weeds, and defoliation to press under the trees, and it is also possible to grow grass; second is to use peanut cakes. Bean cakes, beans, corn fermentation fertilizer. The use of bagged organic fertilizers is not recommended because bagged organic fertilizer prices are many times higher than animal manures, and are also higher than food and bean prices, and are not economical. However, before animal manure and grain beans are used as fertilizers, they must be fully fermented and cooked to prevent burning of roots. When the animal manure is fermented, it is necessary to replenish fine crop straw or weeds and a certain amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, and stir it to ensure that there is enough air and carbon in the heap to facilitate microbial activity. When grain beans are used as fertilizers, it is best to steam the beans first, and mix them with animal excrement and comminuted straw weeds. Generally, they are piled up in summer and used in autumn.
In the application of inorganic fertilizer, but also to increase the amount, the general application of NPK 18:9:18 compound fertilizer 200-300 kg, 20-30 kg of urea, calcium nitrate 0.3-0.4 kg. Acidified soil pH value of less than 5 to be applied to the regulation of lime powder, generally about 100 kilograms of acre, applied continuously for two years. Trace elements such as boron and zinc are also applied every year, and 0.1-0.2 kg of borax and zinc sulfate are applied to each strain. In addition, pay attention to the application of foliar fertilizer in the growing season.
Third, pay attention to the soil environment, deepen the soil and increase the soil, deepen the leaves
During the aging period, the orchard soil environment deteriorates more than the new plantation garden, and more attention must be paid to improvement. Only the soil environment is good and the root system can be good. There are many ways to improve the soil environment. Grass, grass cover, organic manure, lime to adjust pH, etc. have already been mentioned. Here we mainly talk about deepening the soil layer and increasing the problem of increasing soil and land. On the one hand, the method of deep plowing or blasting loose soil that was less than 60 cm in depth in the past was reformed to deepen the living soil layer; on the other hand, clay soil was mixed with sand, and sandy soil was mixed with clay to improve soil aggregate structure and Voids; Another simple and feasible method is to increase the soil, that is, from outside the park to pull into the quality of mature soil or mud in the river pressure into the tree plate, pressurizing 10 cm annually for 3 consecutive years. Through the above measures, you can effectively rejuvenate the tree.
Fourth, pay attention to root pruning, orderly and gradually update the root system, and strive to grow old
Correspondence between the ground and the underground is the relationship. The old roots must be old. When the branches are renewed, attention should be paid to the renewal of the roots to achieve unity on the ground and underground, and new roots should be created by updating the root system to increase the ability to absorb water and fertilizer so as to achieve strong roots. tree. The specific method is to cut off part of the old roots programmatically on the basis of the transformation of autumn basal fertilisers and land and soil. You can cut this year's root system this year and break the other root system next year. Do not remove roots too much at a time, so as not to supply part of the root system nutrient moisture. The root depth of the cut is 40-50 cm and is within 40-200 cm of the trunk.
Through the above-mentioned supporting innovation measures, after 3 years, the trees will obviously return to tender and mature, and the aging apple orchards will rejuvenate.
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