Enzymes are an active substance produced by organisms and are catalysts for various biochemical reactions in the body. Digestion, absorption, and utilization of various nutrients must rely on the action of enzymes. Enzymes have characteristics of specificity, high efficiency, and specificity. There are several thousand types of enzymes that have been discovered so far, and more than 300 have been artificially produced. There are also more than 20 kinds of enzymes used in the feed industry. An active enzyme product, called an enzyme preparation, is produced by bioengineering methods. Enzyme preparations are a type of feed additive widely used in feeds in recent years, and enzyme preparations used for feed additives are mostly digestive enzymes. Enzyme preparations can effectively improve feed utilization, save feed raw material resources, and have no side effects. There are no adverse effects of drug additives such as drug residues and drug resistance. Therefore, they are environmentally friendly green feed additives and have a wide range of Market prospects and application potential.
Main types of enzyme additives for feed additives
Amylase. Amylases mainly contain alpha-amylase and glucoamylase. Alpha-amylase breaks starch macromolecules into easily absorbable medium and low molecular weight substances. The glucoamylase can further hydrolyze the low- and medium-molecular substances decomposed by α-amylase into glucose, which is absorbed and utilized by animals.
Protease. Protease is a hydrolytic enzyme that degrades the peptide chain of a protein and mainly includes pepsin, trypsin, papain and the like.
Cellulase. Cellulases can disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose, hydrolyze cellulosic macromolecules into oligosaccharide fragments, and degrade oligosaccharides into glucose.
Beta-glucanase. Beta-glucan is widely found in many plant materials and has a high viscosity. It is an important antioxidant factor affecting the transmission and absorption of nutrient molecules. β-Glucanase can hydrolyze macromolecules such as dextran to reduce the viscosity of substances in the digestive tract and promote the absorption of nutrients. Beta-glucanase is one of the more important and widely used enzymes in feed additives for enzyme preparations.
Pectinase. Pectin is an anti-nutritional factor in vegetable raw materials that affects the utilization of feed. Pectinase can effectively destroy pectin and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Pectinase is also a commonly used feed enzyme preparation.
Phytase. Phosphorus in cereals is mostly in the form of Phytate Phosphorus. The animal itself does not secrete phytase, so the utilization of this part of the phosphorus in cereals is low, and by adding phytase secreted by microorganisms in the feed, This part of the phosphorus can be decomposed and released, thereby reducing the amount of inorganic phosphorus in the feed, reducing feed costs, and can reduce the excretion of phosphorus in animal waste to reduce environmental pollution. It is a kind of green feed additive that is currently used more and has the best prospect.
Complex enzyme. A complex enzyme is a product obtained by mixing two or more biologically active enzymes. The complex enzyme is formulated according to the characteristics of different animals and different growth stages and has a good effect. It is currently the most commonly used feed additive.
The role of enzyme additives in feed additives
Directly decompose nutrients and improve feed utilization. A variety of active enzymes can effectively decompose and digest some of the molecular polymers in the feed into nutrients that are easily absorbed by the animals, or can be broken down into small pieces of nutrients for further digestion by other digestive enzymes. Some macromolecular substances, the animal itself is difficult to decompose and absorb, so the addition of enzyme preparations can promote the decomposition and digestion of nutrients in the feed, thereby improving feed utilization.
Eliminate anti-nutritional molecules and improve digestive function. There are some non-starch polysaccharides, pectins, phytic acid, and cellulose polymers in vegetable raw materials. These substances increase the content and viscosity of the digestive tract in animals and affect the digestion and absorption of effective nutrients by animals. Many enzymes in enzyme preparations, especially beta-glucanase, pectinase, phytase and cellulase can decompose these substances into small molecules, thereby reducing the viscosity of substances in the digestive tract and effectively eliminating these anti-nutrients. The adverse effects of factors improve the animal's digestive performance.
Activate the secretion of endogenous enzymes and increase the concentration of digestive enzymes. Due to the use of enzyme preparations, more matrices can be provided for various enzymes, thereby activating more secretion of various digestive enzymes in animals, increasing the effective content of digestive enzymes, accelerating the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and thereby improving feed utilization. Rate and speed up animal metabolism and promote animal growth.
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Reasonable Application of Enzyme Preparation Feed Additives
Science uses enzyme preparation products. Enzyme preparation products are a kind of feed additives that have been widely used in recent years. Nowadays, most enzyme preparations are compound enzyme preparations, and the actual application is also based on the selection of compound enzyme preparations. The basis for measuring the quality level and effect of the enzyme preparation is mainly the type, content, activity and stability of the enzyme. Since these indicators are currently difficult to detect and determine in their application, special attention should be paid when selecting them. Some large and professional enzyme manufacturers can apply special treatment such as coating of enzyme preparations, which can increase the activity and stability of enzymes. Therefore, when selecting enzyme preparations, it is best to use some good reputations and widely recognized by people. Products, conditions, best to conduct some tests, and then a large number of applications.
Apply according to animal species and different growth stages. Because enzymes have a high degree of specificity and specificity, different types of animals and different growth stages, the types and quantities of enzymes in animals are not the same, so according to the characteristics of different animals and different growth stages, the appropriate enzyme preparation can be effective. To play and improve the effect of enzyme preparations. In the young stage of animals, the development of the digestive system is not yet complete, and various digestive enzymes are insufficiently secreted, which is an ideal stage for the use of enzyme preparations. In general, enzyme preparations containing a plurality of digestive enzymes should be used, particularly proteases and amylase-based enzyme preparations. In the adult stage of the animal, the digestive function is relatively perfect, and it has a good ability to digest various nutrients. Therefore, it is best to use β-glucanase, phytase, pectinase, etc. to eliminate the anti-nutritional factors. Enzyme preparation. Aquaculture animal feeds are rich in protease and cellulase enzyme preparations. In general, the use of enzymes in livestock has a better effect than poultry, and it is better to use than in adulthood.
The enzyme preparation is applied in combination with the raw materials in the feed. The feed formulation is based on corn-soybean meal type, and it is best to use xylanase, pectinase and β-glucanase as the main enzyme preparations; more raw materials such as wheat, barley and rice bran should be used. For xylanase and β-glucan-based enzyme preparations, β-glucanase, cellulase-based enzyme preparations should be used when there is a large amount of rice flour, rice bran, and wheat bran in feeds. When more raw materials such as rapeseed meal and sunflower meal are used, the enzyme preparations based on cellulase, protease and beta-mannanase are the best choices.
The interaction between enzyme preparations and other additives. Some tests and studies have shown that when using enzyme preparations, adding some cobalt salts such as cobalt oxide, manganese sulfate and copper sulfate can improve the effect of enzyme preparations. Enzyme preparations and antibiotics have no interaction and antagonism. Enzyme preparations can be used in conjunction with antibiotics and growth-promoting additives.
Pay attention to the influence of the production process. The main component of an enzyme preparation is an active enzyme. Enzyme is a kind of protein, which is sensitive to heat, light, and acid. In the production process of feed, due to crushing, premixing, granulation and other additives, enzyme activity may be lost or even degenerated. Therefore, the use of enzyme preparations should minimize the impact of the production process on the enzyme activity. In particular, the temperature of the granulation should not exceed 75° C. to ensure that the enzyme preparation has a good effect.
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