The deer's digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines (small intestine, large intestine), anus, and digestive glands. According to the different parts of the feed through the digestive tract, the entire digestion process is divided into three stages: oral digestion, stomach digestion, and intestinal digestion. The mouth digestive process begins with eating. The deer uses selective vision, smell and developed taste to selectively eat feed and water. After the deer feeds into the feed, it grinds in the oral cavity with the aid of mechanical grinding of the teeth and mixes in saliva for preliminary processing and then swallows. After swallowing, the feed enters into the rumen to be moistened and softened, temporarily stored, and when the deer begins to rest, the feed that is fed in is passed back to the mouth and returned to the mouth again, and is mixed again with saliva to be thoroughly chewed and then eaten into a food group. Into the rumen, this process is called rumination. The ruminant phenomenon may occur around the week of birth of the deer. Rumination is the physiological function of the deer and is also a biological adaptation. Ruminants in healthy deer generally start at 6 hours after eating, 3 times every day and night, every 23 minutes. Rumination is necessary and important for the deer's digestion and metabolism. The deer is a ruminant and compound stomach animal. The stomach has a rumen, a reticulum, a valve-stomach, and an atrophic stomach (real stomach). The first three stomachs have no glandular stomach, and the digestive glands secrete gastric juice. Rumen digestion: The deer's rumen has an extremely complex microflora, including bacteria and protozoa (ciliates), in which the bacteria account for most of the rumen microorganisms, and there are more anaerobic bacteria, and the food enters the rumen. Microorganisms interact with feed and carry out strong biochemical reactions and digestion, which constitute a special function of rumen microorganisms in feed digestion. The content of microbes in the reticulum is also high, which plays a role in feed digestion. When the food passes through the pars plana, the coarse food is further ground under the mechanical action of the valve, and the water is squeezed into the stomach with the tiny chyme. Therefore, the valve stomach acts as a filter. The glandular epithelium on the gastric mucosa can continuously produce and secrete gastric juice. The main components of gastric juice are hydrochloric acid and pepsin. After the feed enters the stomach, pepsin acts, and the feed protein is decomposed into pupa and pupa which are easily absorbed by the deer body. After the stomach enters the small intestine through the stomach, under the action of the intestinal pancreatic juice, bile and small intestine fluid and the digestive enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes, amylase, lipase, etc., the chemical action of the digestive juice and the mechanical action of the small intestine are immediately obtained. Most of the nutrients Digested into an absorbable state, such as amino acids of the final product of proteolysis, glucose, the final product of carbohydrate degradation, and glycerol and fatty acids, the final products of lipolysis, are digested and absorbed by the small intestine. Therefore, digestion in the small intestine is an important process of digestion. The deer did not have a gallbladder, and the bile was collected from the thick bile ducts in the liver and flowed into the duodenum through the common bile duct. The bile was involved in digestion and secretion regulation of the digestive juice. Similar to the rumen, the large intestine also contains a large number of microorganisms, and the large intestine digests and absorbs the food residue that enters the large intestine. The large intestine mainly digests the cellulose in the chyme residue. Some cellulose in the deer's feed is fermented, decomposed, digested, and absorbed by the large intestine microorganisms. Therefore, the digestion of the large intestine is mainly biological digestion, while mechanical digestion and chemical digestion are weak. Substances that have been digested in the large intestine form feces and are excreted. Deer's feces are oval-shaped, and healthy feces are usually dark brown or tan, and they can be excreted 2-16 times a day. Deer's digestion of feed, from oral chewing, rumination, and saliva secretion to microbial activity in the rumen, is a combination of physical, chemical, and microbial effects. These three ways of digestion are interrelated and coordinated. Deer is a complex stomach, ruminant animal, with a broad diet, digestive characteristics resistant to rough feeding. Rumination and heating are important signs of deer health during digestion. Healthy deer hernias average 15-16 times per hour. Only when ruminants and ruminants are normal, the deer can decompose, digest, and use cellulose to make full use of various feeds. Salt is a special food for ungulates. Sika deer have salt habits from February to 16 months. Deer usually do not eat animal feed, but occasionally catch some small rodents to eat. China Agricultural Network Editor
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