The practice of Pleurotus ostreatus for many years has proved that abnormally large spring temperature rises or sudden changes in weather conditions can cause the same Pleurotus ostreatus meteorological disease in the same climate zone. If the management is not good, the Pleurotus ostreatus fruit body will appear within 1 to 7 days. The phenomenon of wilting death has suffered heavy losses. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the meteorological diseases of edible fungi, use weather forecast results, and formulate effective defense measures to reduce the loss of edible fungi and increase the economic benefits of mushroom cultivation.
1 typical cases and analysis
1.1 Typical Cases Example 1: In late April 1992, the author just arrived at Dongjiang Edible Fungi Factory in Wudu County as technical director. From April 21 to April 25, the rainy weather continued, and the minimum daily ambient temperature was 5.5°C, the highest daily temperature. At 19.0°C, the daily average temperature is 12.8°C. The maximum daily temperature in the mushroom shed is 22.3°C, the daily minimum temperature is 11.5°C, and the daily average temperature is 16.7°C, which is higher than the 4-6°C outside the shed. The relative humidity of the air in the shed is 80% to 90%, which is suitable for mushrooming. The bacterium wall produces a large number of young buds, and the growth and development are normal. From April 26 to April 30, the sudden encounter with the special air-conditioning control and high temperature and fine weather, the ambient temperature suddenly rose to the highest daily temperature of 32.5°C, the daily minimum temperature was 14.8°C, and the daily average temperature was 23.6°C, resulting in a daily maximum temperature of 37.6°C in the shed. The daily minimum temperature was 19.7°C, and the average daily temperature was 26.8°C. From April 29 to 30, a large number of wilting mushrooms died. After inspection, no pesticides were sprayed in the shed recently and everything was properly managed. When the market investigation was conducted, it was found that other greenhouse shed mushroom farmers had similar situations. Case 2: From March 13 to March 17, 1998, the weather continued to be clear and the temperature rose rapidly. The authors planted oyster mushrooms in the Institute of Meteorology, where the highest ambient temperature was 20.4°C, the minimum daily temperature was 5.8°C, and the average daily temperature was 13.2°C. The maximum daily temperature in the shed is 26.5°C, the daily minimum temperature is 11.6°C, and the average daily temperature is 18.4°C. The fruiting body of oyster mushroom grows normally. From March 18 to 20, it is affected by the cold air in the north, and there is a rare cold wave cooling weather. During the day, the ambient temperature dropped by about 15°C. The daily maximum temperature was 5.0°C, the daily minimum temperature was -3.4°C, the daily average temperature was -0.8°C, the maximum daily temperature in the shed was 10.0°C, the minimum daily temperature was 0.0°C, and the average daily temperature was 4.9°C. Yesterday, Yangliu spits a sprig of spring, and in the evening, it turns into a winter of ice and snow. From 3 to 7 days, there is a wide range of wilting and death phenomena in the same climatic area, especially the larvae and growing fruit bodies of the oyster mushroom in the shed. After investigation, the two above-mentioned damaged oyster mushrooms were all medium-low temperature varieties.
1.2 Analysis of reasons General low-temperature mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus the most suitable temperature of 10 ~ 15 °C, while the wide-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus most suitable temperature in the 10 ~ 20 °C, the most suitable temperature for the growth of Pleurotus mycelia is generally 25 °C. Case 1 shows that at normal climate temperature, local Pleurotus ostreatus is in the most suitable stage of reproductive growth in late April, and the nutrient transport from the mycelia to the fruiting body, and the maximum daily maximum temperature of ≥32°C during the sudden encounter of a sudden event. If the daily average temperature is ≥23°C in the high-temperature period (the daily highest temperature in the mushroom shed is ≥35°C and the daily average temperature is ≥25°C), if the ventilation and cooling measures are not taken in time, the nutrient transport in the matrix will be disordered and turned into a sub-entity Into the mycelium, into the vegetative growth, resulting in fruit body nutrition supply stopped or back flow to the mycelium and quickly wilting death. However, after entering the month of May, as the average daily temperature of the environment has steadily increased to ≥20.0°C, the moderate-low temperature Pleurotus ostreatus gradually enters the suitable temperature range for mycelial growth, and it is not suitable for the growth stage of the fruit body. Therefore, the mushrooming gradually stops and enters the over-summer culture period, which is similar to the above-mentioned temperature rise situation. Case 2 shows that local Pleurotus ostreatus is in the mid-March, normal climate temperature, it is in the lower boundary of reproductive growth and mushrooming temperature, the substrate nutrition slowly flows to the fruiting body, the fruiting body grows slowly, and the sudden encounter lasts for about one Hou, the lowest If the temperature is ≤ 0°C and the daily average temperature is 0°C or less after the low temperature attack, if the temperature and heat preservation measures are not taken in time, the substrate nutrition will be slow or stop feeding to the fruit body, causing the fruit body to gradually wilt to death, and the average temperature will continue to be ≤ 0°C. In the cold winter, it is difficult to form young fruit buds. Therefore, even if the daily cooling rate is large, this phenomenon cannot occur.
1.3 Analysis of the death characteristics of fruiting bodies From the comparative analysis of Case 1 and Case 2, the death rate of a single case of a fruiting body was very fast, and it was generally 1 to 3 days before it could be killed in large numbers; even the entire army was annihilated. The death rate of the case 2 fruiting body is slow, usually 3 to 7 days. Case 1 of the dead mushroom was quickly wilted and rotten, while the case 2 mushroom was slowly yellowing and atrophied.
2 Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of severe weather were analyzed from temperature data from 1970 to March-May 2004 in the nine counties of Southern Fujian. Under normal temperature conditions, the sudden encounter temperature rose to a frequency of approximately 30% similar to the occurrence of the weather in Example 1. That is, an average of once in three years; during this time, the frequency of occurrence of cold weather similar to that of Example 2 is 40% to 50%, which means that the average frequency is 2 years. However, once the two types of weather occur, the range is wide. In particular, since 1986, the climate has become warmer and the temperatures in early spring have risen rapidly. Under normal climatic and environmental temperatures, once a sudden encounter occurs, the minimum temperature on the environment day is ≤ 0°C, and the daily average temperature is about 0°C cold and strong. In case of the weather, there will be frost damage to the case 2 mushroom. Similarly, under normal climatic temperatures, once a sudden event lasts for about a few days, the ambient maximum daily temperature is ≥32°C and the daily average temperature is ≥23°C during the hot weather (the maximum daily temperature in the shed is ≥35°C and the average daily temperature is ≥ After 25 °C), there will be heat damage to the case 1 mushroom. The above two cases occurred in Weinan City in the spring from March to May, that is, alternating cold and warm seasons, and other phenomena rarely occurred in other seasons.
3 Preventive measures
In the spring of 1999-2004, there were 3 cases of weather in Example 2 and 2 cases of weather in 1 case. Based on years of cultivation experience of Pleurotus ostreatus, we studied and analyzed Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation sites, mushroom shed construction methods, and management methods to formulate more scientific defense measures. Through the past 5 years of experiments, and compared with conventional methods, the effect of disaster reduction was significant. Basically, there is no occurrence of Case 1 and Case 2 phenomena. In the survey, it was found that 50% to 60% of the conventional management methods occurred in Case 1 and Case 2 disasters and the losses were large. The defense measures are summarized as follows:
3.1 Actively listening to the weather forecast and taking effective measures to prevent it is one of the effective methods to prevent Pleurotus ostreatus's meteorological diseases. In spring, the production of Pleurotus ostreatus will be arranged according to the short-to-medium-term weather forecasts issued by meteorological departments. If the temperature in the near future will continue to rise and there are high-temperature periods, attention should be paid to opening the ventilation window of each mushroom shed in time to increase ventilation and heat dissipation. Block the sun from direct light. In addition, when constructing a mushroom shed, a well-ventilated site should be reasonably selected.
3.2 There are many old caves in the mountainous area of ​​southern Fujian. It is also a feasible way to prevent meteorological disasters of Pleurotus ostreatus by actively using some artificial caves in the mountainous regions of southern Anhui to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus or natural caves. The investigation found that the phenomenon of cases 1 and 2 was rarely found in the cave mushroom species. Since the annual temperature change of the cave is cool in winter and cool in summer, the temperature outside the cave changes rapidly in hot and cold, and the temperature in the cave is less affected, as long as attention is paid to improving the cave With ventilation, four seasons in the cave can be safely produced.
3.3 Research shows that using semi-pit type greenhouses to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus is affected by the ground temperature. The change in temperature within the shed is small. Before the arrival of low-temperature cold air, the greenhouse shed is covered with straw mulch in time to reduce the extent of cooling and make it flat. Mushroom young bud normal growth, snow stopped fine, during the day can be properly exposed curtain temperature ventilation, night cover curtain insulation, until the ambient temperature is normal, enter the normal management. After the arrival of the hot weather, timely opening the ventilation window of the mushroom shed to block the sun's direct light and minimize the heating rate and speed is one of the effective ways to prevent Pleurotus ostreatus meteorological diseases.
3.4 In addition to the above-mentioned prevention methods, selecting good varieties and arranging variety-based temperature patterns by season is also a feasible way.
Author: Gannan Longnan Meteorological Bureau
1 typical cases and analysis
1.1 Typical Cases Example 1: In late April 1992, the author just arrived at Dongjiang Edible Fungi Factory in Wudu County as technical director. From April 21 to April 25, the rainy weather continued, and the minimum daily ambient temperature was 5.5°C, the highest daily temperature. At 19.0°C, the daily average temperature is 12.8°C. The maximum daily temperature in the mushroom shed is 22.3°C, the daily minimum temperature is 11.5°C, and the daily average temperature is 16.7°C, which is higher than the 4-6°C outside the shed. The relative humidity of the air in the shed is 80% to 90%, which is suitable for mushrooming. The bacterium wall produces a large number of young buds, and the growth and development are normal. From April 26 to April 30, the sudden encounter with the special air-conditioning control and high temperature and fine weather, the ambient temperature suddenly rose to the highest daily temperature of 32.5°C, the daily minimum temperature was 14.8°C, and the daily average temperature was 23.6°C, resulting in a daily maximum temperature of 37.6°C in the shed. The daily minimum temperature was 19.7°C, and the average daily temperature was 26.8°C. From April 29 to 30, a large number of wilting mushrooms died. After inspection, no pesticides were sprayed in the shed recently and everything was properly managed. When the market investigation was conducted, it was found that other greenhouse shed mushroom farmers had similar situations. Case 2: From March 13 to March 17, 1998, the weather continued to be clear and the temperature rose rapidly. The authors planted oyster mushrooms in the Institute of Meteorology, where the highest ambient temperature was 20.4°C, the minimum daily temperature was 5.8°C, and the average daily temperature was 13.2°C. The maximum daily temperature in the shed is 26.5°C, the daily minimum temperature is 11.6°C, and the average daily temperature is 18.4°C. The fruiting body of oyster mushroom grows normally. From March 18 to 20, it is affected by the cold air in the north, and there is a rare cold wave cooling weather. During the day, the ambient temperature dropped by about 15°C. The daily maximum temperature was 5.0°C, the daily minimum temperature was -3.4°C, the daily average temperature was -0.8°C, the maximum daily temperature in the shed was 10.0°C, the minimum daily temperature was 0.0°C, and the average daily temperature was 4.9°C. Yesterday, Yangliu spits a sprig of spring, and in the evening, it turns into a winter of ice and snow. From 3 to 7 days, there is a wide range of wilting and death phenomena in the same climatic area, especially the larvae and growing fruit bodies of the oyster mushroom in the shed. After investigation, the two above-mentioned damaged oyster mushrooms were all medium-low temperature varieties.
1.2 Analysis of reasons General low-temperature mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus the most suitable temperature of 10 ~ 15 °C, while the wide-temperature Pleurotus ostreatus most suitable temperature in the 10 ~ 20 °C, the most suitable temperature for the growth of Pleurotus mycelia is generally 25 °C. Case 1 shows that at normal climate temperature, local Pleurotus ostreatus is in the most suitable stage of reproductive growth in late April, and the nutrient transport from the mycelia to the fruiting body, and the maximum daily maximum temperature of ≥32°C during the sudden encounter of a sudden event. If the daily average temperature is ≥23°C in the high-temperature period (the daily highest temperature in the mushroom shed is ≥35°C and the daily average temperature is ≥25°C), if the ventilation and cooling measures are not taken in time, the nutrient transport in the matrix will be disordered and turned into a sub-entity Into the mycelium, into the vegetative growth, resulting in fruit body nutrition supply stopped or back flow to the mycelium and quickly wilting death. However, after entering the month of May, as the average daily temperature of the environment has steadily increased to ≥20.0°C, the moderate-low temperature Pleurotus ostreatus gradually enters the suitable temperature range for mycelial growth, and it is not suitable for the growth stage of the fruit body. Therefore, the mushrooming gradually stops and enters the over-summer culture period, which is similar to the above-mentioned temperature rise situation. Case 2 shows that local Pleurotus ostreatus is in the mid-March, normal climate temperature, it is in the lower boundary of reproductive growth and mushrooming temperature, the substrate nutrition slowly flows to the fruiting body, the fruiting body grows slowly, and the sudden encounter lasts for about one Hou, the lowest If the temperature is ≤ 0°C and the daily average temperature is 0°C or less after the low temperature attack, if the temperature and heat preservation measures are not taken in time, the substrate nutrition will be slow or stop feeding to the fruit body, causing the fruit body to gradually wilt to death, and the average temperature will continue to be ≤ 0°C. In the cold winter, it is difficult to form young fruit buds. Therefore, even if the daily cooling rate is large, this phenomenon cannot occur.
1.3 Analysis of the death characteristics of fruiting bodies From the comparative analysis of Case 1 and Case 2, the death rate of a single case of a fruiting body was very fast, and it was generally 1 to 3 days before it could be killed in large numbers; even the entire army was annihilated. The death rate of the case 2 fruiting body is slow, usually 3 to 7 days. Case 1 of the dead mushroom was quickly wilted and rotten, while the case 2 mushroom was slowly yellowing and atrophied.
2 Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of severe weather were analyzed from temperature data from 1970 to March-May 2004 in the nine counties of Southern Fujian. Under normal temperature conditions, the sudden encounter temperature rose to a frequency of approximately 30% similar to the occurrence of the weather in Example 1. That is, an average of once in three years; during this time, the frequency of occurrence of cold weather similar to that of Example 2 is 40% to 50%, which means that the average frequency is 2 years. However, once the two types of weather occur, the range is wide. In particular, since 1986, the climate has become warmer and the temperatures in early spring have risen rapidly. Under normal climatic and environmental temperatures, once a sudden encounter occurs, the minimum temperature on the environment day is ≤ 0°C, and the daily average temperature is about 0°C cold and strong. In case of the weather, there will be frost damage to the case 2 mushroom. Similarly, under normal climatic temperatures, once a sudden event lasts for about a few days, the ambient maximum daily temperature is ≥32°C and the daily average temperature is ≥23°C during the hot weather (the maximum daily temperature in the shed is ≥35°C and the average daily temperature is ≥ After 25 °C), there will be heat damage to the case 1 mushroom. The above two cases occurred in Weinan City in the spring from March to May, that is, alternating cold and warm seasons, and other phenomena rarely occurred in other seasons.
3 Preventive measures
In the spring of 1999-2004, there were 3 cases of weather in Example 2 and 2 cases of weather in 1 case. Based on years of cultivation experience of Pleurotus ostreatus, we studied and analyzed Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation sites, mushroom shed construction methods, and management methods to formulate more scientific defense measures. Through the past 5 years of experiments, and compared with conventional methods, the effect of disaster reduction was significant. Basically, there is no occurrence of Case 1 and Case 2 phenomena. In the survey, it was found that 50% to 60% of the conventional management methods occurred in Case 1 and Case 2 disasters and the losses were large. The defense measures are summarized as follows:
3.1 Actively listening to the weather forecast and taking effective measures to prevent it is one of the effective methods to prevent Pleurotus ostreatus's meteorological diseases. In spring, the production of Pleurotus ostreatus will be arranged according to the short-to-medium-term weather forecasts issued by meteorological departments. If the temperature in the near future will continue to rise and there are high-temperature periods, attention should be paid to opening the ventilation window of each mushroom shed in time to increase ventilation and heat dissipation. Block the sun from direct light. In addition, when constructing a mushroom shed, a well-ventilated site should be reasonably selected.
3.2 There are many old caves in the mountainous area of ​​southern Fujian. It is also a feasible way to prevent meteorological disasters of Pleurotus ostreatus by actively using some artificial caves in the mountainous regions of southern Anhui to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus or natural caves. The investigation found that the phenomenon of cases 1 and 2 was rarely found in the cave mushroom species. Since the annual temperature change of the cave is cool in winter and cool in summer, the temperature outside the cave changes rapidly in hot and cold, and the temperature in the cave is less affected, as long as attention is paid to improving the cave With ventilation, four seasons in the cave can be safely produced.
3.3 Research shows that using semi-pit type greenhouses to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus is affected by the ground temperature. The change in temperature within the shed is small. Before the arrival of low-temperature cold air, the greenhouse shed is covered with straw mulch in time to reduce the extent of cooling and make it flat. Mushroom young bud normal growth, snow stopped fine, during the day can be properly exposed curtain temperature ventilation, night cover curtain insulation, until the ambient temperature is normal, enter the normal management. After the arrival of the hot weather, timely opening the ventilation window of the mushroom shed to block the sun's direct light and minimize the heating rate and speed is one of the effective ways to prevent Pleurotus ostreatus meteorological diseases.
3.4 In addition to the above-mentioned prevention methods, selecting good varieties and arranging variety-based temperature patterns by season is also a feasible way.
Author: Gannan Longnan Meteorological Bureau
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