1 Supercritical fluid extraction technology
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE) is a new technology for extracting and separating the active constituents of Chinese herbal medicines by supercritical fluid (SCF) instead of conventional organic solvents. The principle is to use fluid (solvent) in a certain area near the critical point ( The solute in the supercritical zone has an abnormal phase equilibrium behavior and transfer property, and the solubility of the solute varies with a wide range of pressure and temperature. Using this SCF as a solvent can The components to be separated are extracted from a plurality of liquid or solid mixtures. The commonly used SCF is CO2 because CO2 is non-toxic, non-flammable and explosive, inexpensive, has a lower critical pressure and temperature, and is easily and safely separated from the mixture. Compared with the traditional extraction method, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has the advantages of being able to extract and separate under normal temperature conditions, almost retaining all the active components in the product, no organic solvent residue, high product purity, simple operation and energy saving.
Liao Zhoukun et al. used different concentrations of ethanol as entrainer to extract the total saponins and polysaccharides from the Tibetan medicine Xuelingzhi. Compared with the traditional solvent extraction process, the yields were increased to 18.9 times and 1.62 times, respectively. He Chunmao and Liang Zhongyun use the supercritical CO2 stroke technique to extract the impurities (wax) from the extract of Artemisia annua L. with low content, simple purification and purification of artemisinin, high yield and good product quality. Lei Zhengjie et al. used supercritical CO2 fluid extraction technology to extract and separate the active ingredients of Magnolia officinalis. The extract was a pale yellow paste. The extract was composed of 11 chemical components such as magnolol. The relative content of phenol and magnolol is as high as 46.81% and 45.00%. Ge Fahuan et al. explored the good conditions for extracting diosgenin from Huangshan, and carried out a pilot scale to prove that it is feasible to use supercritical CO2 to extract diosgenin for industrial production. Compared with the traditional gasoline method, the yield is improved. 1.5 times, the production cycle is greatly shortened, avoiding the danger of flammable and explosive using gasoline. Ge Fahuan et al studied the process of extracting volatile oil and saponin from Bupleurum by supercritical CO2. The SFE-CO2 method was used to extract Bupleurum volatile oil. Compared with the traditional steam distillation method, the yield can be greatly improved and the extraction time can be shortened. There are differences in the ingredients. Yuan Yongfang et al. optimized the extraction conditions of volatile oil from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. by supercritical fluid extraction technique through five factors-four horizontal orthogonal test method. The results were as follows: the pressure was 34.5mPa, the temperature was 60 °C, and the modifier ethanol was 0.3. Ml, static extraction time 10 min, dynamic extraction amount 10 ml, with water as absorption. Compared with the steam distillation method, the method has the advantages of less time consumption, safe extraction and the like.
SCFE technology has unique advantages for extracting and separating volatile components, fat-soluble substances, high-heat sensitive substances and active ingredients of valuable medicinal materials, but SCFE equipment is a high-pressure equipment, with large one-time investment and high operating cost, so this technology is currently It is still difficult to popularize in industrial production.
2 ultrasonic extraction technology
The basic principle of ultrasonic extraction technology is to accelerate the extraction of active constituents of plants by the cavitation of ultrasonic waves. In addition, the secondary effects of ultrasonic waves, such as mechanical vibration, emulsification, diffusion, crushing, chemical effects, etc., can also accelerate the extraction of components. The diffusion is released and fully mixed with the solvent to facilitate extraction. Compared with the conventional extraction method, it has the advantages of short extraction time, high yield, and no need for heating.
Guo Xiaowu investigated the effects of ultrasonic extraction time and ultrasonic frequency on the extraction rate of baicalin from Astragalus membranaceus. The results showed that the extraction rate of baicalin was higher than that of decoction for 3 hours. High, and the baicalin structure extracted by the two methods is consistent. Lin Cuiying and others used ultrasonic to extract the total saponins of Pulsatilla chinensis, which greatly simplified the operation procedure, shortened the extraction time, improved the yield and purity of the products, and improved the common extraction methods which were cumbersome, time-consuming and easy to emulsify. Guo Xiaowu and Yang Rui used 95% ethanol as solvent to extract the total alkaloids from Motherwort with different frequency ultrasonic waves and different extraction time, and compared with the reflux extraction method. The ultrasonic extraction method is simple, no heating, only 110kHz ultrasonic wave After extraction for 40 min, the extraction rate was about 1 times higher than that obtained by reflux extraction for 2 h. Guo Xiaowu extracted rhubarb mites from rhubarb with different frequency of ultrasound. Compared with conventional decoction, the results showed that the ultrasound did not need heating, and the yield was different with different ultrasonic frequencies, especially the rhubarb after ultrasonic extraction at 20 kHz. The yield of mites is high. Li Meiqin and Zhang Minhong compared the effects of ultrasonic method and impregnation method on the content rate of the contents of the detoxification Yangyan capsule. The results were higher than that of the extraction method with ultrasonic extraction for 10 min, and the ultrasonic wave had no effect on the composition of the extract. Li Yifu and Zhang Meiling used high performance liquid chromatography to compare the dissolution of ferulic acid and paeoniflorin in Siwu Decoction by decoction, ultrasound and semi-bionic extraction. The results of ultrasonic extraction were simple and the extraction rate was high and low. High efficiency, as a means of extraction has broad application prospects.
Ultrasonic extraction technology can avoid the destruction of active ingredients by high temperature and high pressure, but it requires high thickness of the container wall and the position of the container, otherwise it will affect the leaching effect of the medicine. Moreover, the current experimental research is on a small scale, and it is used for large-scale production, and it is still necessary to further solve the amplification problem of engineering equipment.
3 microwave extraction technology
Microwave extraction is a new technology developed by using microwave energy to increase the extraction rate. Its principle is that in the microwave field, the difference in the ability to absorb microwaves causes certain regions of the matrix material or certain components in the extraction system to be selectively heated, thereby separating the extracted material from the matrix or system into the medium. Among the extracting agents with small electric constant and relatively poor microwave absorption capacity, microwave extraction has the characteristics of simple equipment, wide application range, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility, time saving, reagent saving and low pollution. At present, in addition to being mainly used for environmental sample pretreatment, it is also used in the fields of biochemistry, food, industrial analysis and natural product extraction. In China, there are few reports on the application of microwave extraction technology in the extraction of Chinese herbal medicine.
Wang Wei et al. used the microwave breaking method to extract salidroside from the rhizome of Rhodiola sachalinensis. The method has the advantages of fast, high efficiency, safety and energy saving. Compared with the traditional ethanol reflux extraction, the method is kept high. At the same time, the extraction rate greatly shortens the time taken for the extraction process and significantly reduces the content of eggs in the extract. Fan Zhigang et al. studied the effect of microwave technology on the leaching amount of rutin in sassafras. The orthogonal experiment was carried out on the particle size, leaching time and microwave output power of medicinal materials, and the leaching scheme of rutin in the scented flower was preferred. The leaching amount of rutin is obviously superior to the conventional decoction method. This technique is a convenient and convenient method for leaching out of Chinese medicine.
Compared with the traditional decoction method, the microwave extraction technology overcomes the disadvantages of easy aggregation and easy coking of the fine powder of the medicine, and the extraction time is extremely short, the equipment is simple, and the investment is small. However, this technique is still in the process of extracting Chinese herbal medicine, and its extraction mechanism needs further study.
4 Enzymatic method
Most of the impurities in traditional Chinese medicine preparations are starch, pectin, protein, etc., and the impurities may be decomposed and removed by using suitable enzymes. Enzymatic reaction decomposes plant tissue mildly, which can greatly increase the yield. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the methods for extracting active ingredients from plants in large quantities. This is a promising new technology. In China, Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine First Factory successfully prepared Shengmaiyin Oral Liquid by enzymatic method. At present, cellulase is the most studied in the extraction of traditional Chinese medicine. The cell wall of most Chinese herbal medicines is composed of cellulose. The active ingredients of plants are often encapsulated in the cell wall. The cellulose is composed of β-D-glucose. The 1,4-β glucoside bond is linked, and enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase can destroy the β-D-glucose bond and destroy the plant cell wall, which is beneficial to the extraction of the active ingredient.
Lu Weiming et al. introduced a new method for the extraction and extraction of baicalein from Astragalus membranaceus, which was compared with the direct extraction method. As a result, the crude product obtained from the new method had a baicalin content of 75.67% and a yield of 2.46%. Hou Yu et al first applied industrial cellulase to traditional Chinese medicine and dregs, so that the cellulose of Chinese medicine and dregs was hydrolyzed into β-glucose, and the slag was changed into waste, which turned waste into treasure. This is a traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical industry. The pioneering work of open source and thrifty. Ma Tiantian pretreatment with cellulase before extracting berberine from Phellodendron can increase the yield of berberine and compare it with the extraction without enzyme. There is a significant difference. It is therefore considered whether cellulase is used for the extraction of other natural products. Zhang Caixia et al. applied cellulase to the extract of diosgenin by Chuanshanlong. The process of enzymatic hydrolysis of the original medicinal herbs was only one step more than the original process. However, under the action of cellulase, the yield of diosgenin was improved. There is a significant difference between the two methods. Ma Juyun et al. enzymatically hydrolyzed the andrographolide before the extract of andrographolide, and compared with the original extraction process, the content and extraction amount of andrographolide were improved, and the two extraction processes were obtained by thin layer chromatography. There was no difference in the ingredients, indicating that the addition of the enzyme had no effect on the active ingredients. Ma Juyun and Zhao Jingyan used berberine to extract berberine, and studied the effects of the enzyme-added group and the un-enzyme-added group on the extraction of the active ingredient berberine. The new process added only one step to the cellulase. The enzymatic hydrolysis process, but the berberine content extracted by the two processes is significantly different, and the extracted components are consistent. Therefore, whether the new process is used in the industrialization of Coptis extract is considered.
Cellulase is used to extract active ingredients from cellulose-based Chinese herbal medicines, which can improve the yield of active ingredients. However, to broaden its application fields, it is necessary to further explore enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH. Effects of inhibitors and agonists on extracts. It is true that enzymatic methods are currently widely used in the extraction of animal medicinal materials.
5 Semi-bionic extraction method
The semi-bionic extraction method (SBE method) combines the whole drug research method with the molecular drug research method. From the perspective of biopharmaceutics, it simulates the principle of oral administration and drug delivery through the gastrointestinal tract. A new extraction process for formulation design. The drug is first extracted with a certain pH of acid water, followed by extraction with a certain pH of alkaline water, and the extract is separately filtered and concentrated to prepare a preparation.
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